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Onus, Burden and Standard of Proof and Principle that He Who Alleges Must Prove re: Approach

HH277-10 : BENCHILL INVESTMENTS (PVT) LTD vs BATTERY WORLD (PVT) LTD
Ruled By: KUDYA J

The probabilities favoured Mrs Jennifer Anne Jayne's story that the cheque was accepted on condition of approval of the order and availability of the batteries from the manufacturer, Central African Batteries (Pvt) Ltd.
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HB72-10 : ETTAH NCUBE and CAIN MOYO vs JOEL NCUBE and JULIUS SIBANDA and DEPUTY SHERIFF
Ruled By: NDOU J

The parties agreed at the pre-trial conference that the onus to prove lack of volition rested on the first plaintiff.
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HB136-10 : POTENTIAL INVESTMENTS and RALEMA INVESTMENTS and NERGER PROPERTIES vs JOSEPH TAYALI and TAYALI AND SONS and NERGER PROPERTIES and POTENTIAL INVESTMENTS and RALEMA INVESTMENTS
Ruled By: NDOU J

In the opposing affidavit, the respondents suggest that the application is based on falsehoods but they have not articulated such falsehoods. In fact, this application is premised on the above-mentioned order of this court which was upheld by the Supreme Court.
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HH09-13 : RUSITU AGENCIES (PRIVATE) LIMITED vs PETER FUNGAYI KANGARA
Ruled By: MAVANGIRA J

In Pillay v Krishna 1946 AD 946…., the following was stated - “There is direct authority for saying, as I suggest, that the rule placing the onus of proving payment on the person who alleges it really depends on the principle that the onus is on the person who affirms and not on him who denies…., ...
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HH14-13 : JOHN SWAY MUGADZAHWETA vs AZVIRIBASI NENGOMASHA
Ruled By: HUNGWE J

The onus lay on the plaintiff in respect of all the issues.
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HH351-13 : SOVEREIGN EMPOWERMENT CENTRE and HACHIM KITCHENS PL and KINGDOM EMBASSY ZIM and STUARTSON INVESTMENTS PL vs OLD MUTUAL INVESTMENT GROUP PROPERTY INVESTMENT ZIM PL and THE SHERIFF (N.O.)
Ruled By: MANGOTA J

The court has considered all the circumstances of this case. It proceeded on the basis that the parties to the applications were more or less the same; the issues which fell for determination arose from the same set of facts and the subject matter of the applications was the same. It is satisfied that, ...
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HH176-11 : BEKITEMBA LENKOSI DUBE vs LIZZY DUBE nee SOKO
Ruled By: MAWADZE J

Let me briefly dispose of the issue of the alleged adultery as it was also raised in relation to the dispute of custody of the minor children. The plaintiff only revealed, in his viva voce evidence, that the defendant committed adultery with one Paul Green, a British citizen who was employed by the British Embassy ...
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HB20-13 : FORT ENTERPRISES (PVT) LTD vs NOMALANGA SIBANDA
Ruled By: NDOU J

I, however, hold that the plaintiff did not justify costs on a higher scale and holdover damages.
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HB38-11 : JONATHAN NATHANIEL MOYO vs JOHN LANDA NKOMO and DUMISO DABENGWA
Ruled By: BERE J

A party to litigation does not lay the foundation of his plea during cross examination and leave it hanging in the air by failing to back that up with real evidence. This record of proceedings will show that this is precisely what happened in the defendant's case.
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HB85-11 : SISA MPUNZI (NEE MOYO) vs DUBUZA RATION MPUNZI and REBECCA MOYO
Ruled By: NDOU J

Further, the applicant has premised her application on the basis that she is in some partnership with the first respondent. From the evidence in the paper there is no such partnership.
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HB92-11 : MINISTER OF DEFENCE vs RANGARIRAI GUNDA
Ruled By: KAMOCHA J

The respondent also sought to rely on the fact that certain officers in similar ranks to her late husband in the army were offered to buy Government houses they were occupying as sitting tenants. There was indeed such a Government policy. All Government houses approved for disposal had to be valued by a Government ...
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HH52-14 : CREDIT INSURANCE OF ZIMBABWE vs TEXTBOOK SALES
Ruled By: TAKUVA J

The respondent's request for “delivery notes” is surprising in that it came after the applicant had furnished the respondent with invoices showing the dates the goods were delivered, the product codes, the quantity, unit of issue, unit price, description and the total amount owing. To supply delivery notes would be unnecessary in my view. In ...
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HB43-14 : MABEKA NATHANIEL NDLOVU vs PHAKAMILE NDLOVU and BULAWAYO CITY COUNCIL
Ruled By: MUTEMA J

I must point out that prayer number 5 above, viz payment of R150,000= in the alternative, being the current market value of the house, was not pursued or established during the trial so the order I am going to make will exclude it.
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SC43-14 : STREAMSLEIGH INVESTMENTS (PRIVATE) LIMITED vs AUTOBAND INVESTMENTS (PRIVATE) LIMITED
Ruled By: MALABA DCJ, GARWE JA and GOWORA JA

Apart from a bald allegation that it was in possession, the respondent did not, before the magistrate or the High Court, establish proof of its occupation of the disputed premises. The affidavit from Dr Vivek Solanki suggests that he occupied No.15 Lanark Rd in his personal capacity, which, given the documents in the record, is ...
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Appealed
SC74-14 : SUPERBAKE BAKERIES (PRIVATE) LIMITED vs RUMTOWERS SECURITY (PRIVATE) LIMITED
Ruled By: GWAUNZA JA, GARWE JA and GUVAVA JA

Before concluding, I believe it is necessary to comment on the claim by the appellant that it was forced to cancel the agreement owing to thefts perpetrated by the respondent's guards on the premises of the former. An examination of the papers before me shows that the allegation was not substantiated in any ...
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SC49-14 : BAREND VAN WYK vs TARCON (PRIVATE) LIMITED
Ruled By: GWAUNZA JA, GOWORA JA and PATEL JA

Going beyond the facts, it is even more difficult to comprehend the decision of the court a quo that the onus to prove exchange control approval lay with the appellant. As a rule of evidence, it is trite that he who asserts any fact must carry the burden to prove that fact. In ...
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Appealed
SC24-15 : THE TRUSTEES OF THE LEONARD CHESHIRE HOMES ZIMBABWE CENTRAL TRUST vs ROBERT CHIITE and SEVEN OTHERS
Ruled By: MALABA DCJ, GARWE JA and MAVANGIRA AJA

The court erroneously placed the evidential burden on the plaintiff when it was the defendants who had raised the issue of the expiry of tenure of office of the Trustees. If the question of the fact of the expiry of the terms of office of the Trustees had been properly placed before the ...
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SC38-15 : DELTA BEVERAGES (PRIVATE) LIMITED vs KUDAKWASHE MURANDU
Ruled By: GWAUNZA JA, HLATSHWAYO JA and CHIWESHE AJA

I take the time to point out that parties are expected to argue their cases so as to persuade the court to see the merit, if any, in the arguments advanced for them. They are not expected to make bold, unsubstantiated averments and leave it to the court to make of them what it ...
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SC64-15 : TELONE (PVT) LTD vs BIGBOY SENGENDE
Ruled By: ZIYAMBI JA, GARWE JA and GOWORA JA

WHETHER ANOTHER WAS EMPLOYED IN THE RESPONDENT'S STEAD From the record, it is not shown what was the nature of the work in which the respondent was engaged nor was it established in what manner he had been supplanted by another employee. His complaint that Mapepa had been employed in his stead was not substantiated. What ...
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SC22-16 : MICHEAL HENRY BROWNE vs TANGANDA TEA COMPANY
Ruled By: ZIYAMBI JA, GWAUNZA JA, PATEL JA

It is, in my view, necessary to highlight the fact that the disciplinary proceedings in casu, while having been conducted in a manner akin to a fully defended trial before a court of law, did not constitute a criminal trial. The appellant was not an accused person facing trial for a criminal offence before ...
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SC13-17 : ZIMBABWE UNITED PASSENGER COMPANY LIMITED vs PACKHORSE SERVICES (PRIVATE) LIMITED
Ruled By: GARWE JA, GOWORA JA and MAVANGIRA AJA

The cardinal rule on onus is that a person who claims something from another in a court of law has to satisfy the court that he is entitled to it. See Pillay v Krishna 1946 AD 946 ….,.. It is also settled that he who alleges must prove. See MB Investments (Pvt) ...
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HB17-16 : WINNIE MPOFU vs FLOPPA LEAH MLAVU a.k.a LEAH FLOPPHEL MLAVU and ESTER KELLI (N.O.) and THE ASSISTANT MASTER
Ruled By: MATHONSI J

Counsel for the defendant did not say anything in his closing submissions about the existence or validity of Floppa Leah Mlavu's marriage viz-a-viz the evidence. He was content simply to continue challenging the paternity of Winnie Mpofu forgetting that Floppa Leah Mlavu also bore the onus of proving the existence of her marriage.
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HH672-15 : TRINITY ENGINEERING (PVT) LTD vs RUSSELL KARIMAZONDO and MAXIFIX (PVT) LTD and TELECEL ZIMBABWE (PVT) LTD and PEOPLE'S OWN SAVINGS BANK and THE REGISTRAR OF DEEDS
Ruled By: MATHONSI J

In the course of this judgment, I have virtually answered the issues for trial. The plaintiff failed, dismally, to prove that its representative did not sign the power of attorney authorizing the registration of the mortgage surety bond in favour of the third defendant. In fact, the evidence placed before me shows, on a balance ...
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HMA31-17 : CHAMU MINING SYNDICATE vs SIBONGILE MPINDIWA N.O. and CHAMWANDOITA SYNDICATE
Ruled By: MAFUSIRE J

The law says he who alleges must prove.
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HH39-15 : THE SHERIFF OF THE HIGH COURT and KWEKWE CONSOLIDATED GOLD MINES (PVT) LTD vs MINISTER OF HIGHER AND TERTIARY EDUCATION N.O (Representing ZIMBABWE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT)
Ruled By: MANGOTA J

It is a well established rule of civil procedure that he who avers must prove, on a balance of probabilities, what he is averring.
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HB83-16 : PROFERT ZIMBABWE (PVT) LTD vs MACDOM INVESTMENTS (PVT) LTD
Ruled By: MAKONESE J

It is a basic principle of our law that an applicant must establish and prove its claims.
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HH50-15 : CLEOPAS MUGOMBA vs VICEMAST (PVT) LTD and ZIDCO (PVT) LTD
Ruled By: NDEWERE J

The applicant alleged that the first respondent had damaged and demolished the property but no evidence was placed before the court to substantiate that. In fact, the police denied receiving any report of criminal conduct from the applicant concerning malicious damage to the property or violence. The court therefore has no basis to accept the applicant's allegations as truthful.
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HH57-15 : MACRO PLUMBERS (PVT) LTD vs SHERIFF OF ZIMBABWE N.O. and OWEN CHIGOYA
Ruled By: MATHONSI J

He who alleges must prove is a basic concept of our jurisprudence.
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CC07-18 : LIBERAL DEMOCRATS and REVOLUTIONARY FREEDOM FIGHTERS and VUSUMUZI SIBANDA and LINDA MASARIRA and BONGANI NYATHI vs PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ZIMBABWE, E.D. MNANGAGWA N.O. and OTHERS
Ruled By: MALABA CJ

The applicants made assertions of the facts which the fourth respondent denied. Consistent with the general rule that the person who makes an affirmative assertion of facts which are not self-evident must prove them, the onus was on the applicants to prove the facts they asserted. Nyahondo v Hokonya and Ors 1997 (2) ZLR 457 (S)…,.
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CC42-18 : NELSON CHAMISA vs EMMERSON DAMBUDZO MNANGAGWA and OTHERS
Ruled By: MALABA CJ, GWAUNZA DCJ, GARWE JCC, MAKARAU JCC, HLATSHWAYO JCC, PATEL JCC, BHUNU JCC, UCHENA JCC and MAKONI JCC

The onus to prove the case is not on the person accused. The accused person does not have to prove his or her innocence.
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Appealed
SC05-18 : JENNIFER BROOKER and ADRIENNE PIERCE vs RICHARD MUDHANDA and THE REGISTRAR OF DEEDS
Ruled By: GOWORA JA, HLATSHWAYO JA and BHUNU JA

When one speaks of the need to discharge an onus it immediately becomes clear that there is an evidentiary burden that must be met.
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Appealed
SC33-18 : SMIT INVESTMENT HOLDINGS SA (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED and GENET MINING (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED vs THE SHERIFF OF ZIMBABWE and PUNGWE MINING (PVT) LTD
Ruled By: MALABA CJ, HLATSHWAYO JA and PATEL JA

It is the second respondent that levelled allegations of in-authenticity and collusion. Consequently, it is the second respondent that should have proven the same. This position was succinctly captured in the case of Circle Tracking v Mahachi SC04-07, where the Court held that the principle that he who alleges must prove is a basic concept of our law.
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HH115-15 : MEGALINK INVESTMENTS vs OWEN MURIMBI and THERESA MUSINA and AFRICAN CENTURY LIMITED and SHERIFF, HIGH COURT OF ZIMBABWE
Ruled By: TSANGA J

The applicants also stated that they have paid an additional amount of US$50,000= into the respondent's account thereby reducing the amount claimed….,. With regards to the payment of $50,000=, the respondents observed that the Annexure J, said to indicate the payment, was not attached to the application….,.
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HH768-15 : NAVAL PHASE FARMING PL and BEACH FARMS PL and TAWANDA NYAMBIRAI vs MINISTER OF LANDS AND RURAL RESETTLEMENT and BERNARD MAKOKOVE and STEPHEN CHIURAYI and MALVERN DZVAIRO
Ruled By: CHIGUMBA J

For reasons discussed…, this court finds that the applicants have not placed sufficient or admissible evidence before it that the first and/or second, third and fourth respondents forcibly or wrongfully deprived them of their farms, by threats, intimidation, violence or wrongful application of the law or in terms of the Land Acquisition Act or section 16B ...
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SC70-07 : MICHAEL TAYLOR vs HEATHER MARGARET TAYLOR
Ruled By: CHEDA JA, ZIYAMBI JA and GARWE JA

The law is clear that bald and unsubstantiated allegations are not sufficient. See Akhtar v Min of Public Commission SC173-97.
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Appealed
SC71-18 : CURECHEM OVERSEAS (PVT) LTD vs VADAC PROPERTIES (PVT) LTD
Ruled By: GARWE JA, GUVAVA JA and MAKONI JA

It is trite that he who alleges must prove.
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HB142-16 : WILTSHIRE EXPLOSIVES PL vs OLYMPUS GOLD ZIMBABWE LTD t/a GOLDEN QUARRY MINE and FALCON GOLD LTD t/a DALNY MINE and CASMYN MINING ZIMBABWE PL and OLYMPUS GOLD ZIM LTD t/a OLD NIC MINE
Ruled By: MATHONSI J

Instead of presenting the case for the defendant, counsel demanded that I rule on the status of the counter-claim…,. Not a shred of authority for that novel application was cited and it was not disclosed how the court could be in a position to rule on a pleading standing on its own and not supported by ...
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HH124-15 : RIMUKA ISLAMIC SOCIETY vs ENOCK MWASHUHWA
Ruled By: ZHOU J

The position of the law is that where there are two versions which are mutually destructive, before the onus is discharged, the court must be satisfied, upon sufficient grounds, that the version advanced by the party upon which the onus rests is true and the other is false. National Employers Mutual General Insurance Association v Gany 1931 AD ...
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Appealed
HH151-16 : SHORAI NZARA and ARROLA IDEHEN and AMOSOGE IDEHEN and OSARETIN IDEHEN and vs CECILIAH KASHUMBA N.O. and REGISTRAR OF DEEDS and MASTER OF THE HIGH COURT and TAFIRENYIKA KAMBARAMI
Ruled By: MAFUSIRE J

The fourth respondent said he was an innocent purchaser….,.The fourth respondent also said that he had checked the Deeds registry. The property had been free from any encumbrances….,. The applicants argued that the fourth respondent was far from being an innocent buyer. They said he must have been aware of the raging battles. Among other things, ...
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HH278-15 : AUGAR INVESTMENTS OU vs MINISTER OF WATER AND CLIMATE and ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
Ruled By: CHIGUMBA J

The court was constrained, despite its findings, and unable to accede to the second part of the order sought by the applicant. This is so because no evidence was placed before the court, which it could rely on that the applicant's denial of permission to develop its land, was based on the provisions or implementation ...
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HB252-16 : ROBERT MAFU and 54 OTHERS vs AGRICULTURAL & RURAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (ARDA) and TREK PETROLEUM
Ruled By: MAKONESE J

The applicants allegation of occupation is not supported on the papers placed before the court. The applicants have not established that the first respondent has encroached on to the land they occupy. The applicants must allege and prove the nature of their title or right therein. Bold and unsubstantiated allegations of evictions and demolitions of property have only ...
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HH159-15 : NGONIDZASHE TAMSANQA GOBA vs ZIMBABWE REVENUE AUTHORITY and COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS AND EXCISE
Ruled By: HUNGWE J

I am unable to find that the applicant was an illegal resident of Namibia. There is just no evidence of this besides the bald claim by the respondents. The respondents' assertion in this regard is illogical and therefore unreasonable and irrational in the sense that no evidence of this claim was tendered in proof of the allegation.
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HH169-15 : ZIMBABWE PLATINUM MINES (PRIVATE) LIMITED vs ZIMBABWE REVENUE AUTHORITY and STANBIC BANK and MNISTERS OF MINES AND MINING DEVELOPMENT and MINERALS MARKETING CORPORATION OF ZIMBABWE
Ruled By: MAKONI J

Over payment of Royalties This issue was not persisted by the applicant in its submissions. I will take it that the applicant abandoned the claim - and rightly so in my view. The applicant had not, in its founding papers, illustrated to the court how the alleged over-payment was made in respect of each year.
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HH176-15 : BARBARA MAKAHAMADZE vs DOUGLAS MUTUVIRA
Ruled By: MWAYERA J

The plaintiff and the defendant were customarily married for about seven years, from 2002 to 2009, when the union became dysfunctional. During the subsistence of the union the parties, who were in universal partnership, acquired movable and immovable property.The parties agreed on issues for referral to trial, namely:-1. What constituted ...
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CC06-19 : BONNYVIEW ESTATE (PRIVATE) LIMITED vs ZIMBABWE PLATINUM MINE (PRIVATE) LIMITED and MINISTRY OF LANDS AND RURAL RESETTLEMENT
Ruled By: MALABA CJ and MAVANGIRA JCC and BHUNU JCC

The basic principle at law is that he who alleges must prove. The applicant made an affirmative assertion of a fact which was not self-evident and thus had an obligation to prove the same. See Liberal Democrats Ors v President of the Republic of Zimbabwe E.D. Mnangagwa N.O. Ors CC07-18.
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Appealed
CC15-19 : THOUSAND SADZIWANI vs NATPAK (PRIVATE) LIMITED and THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL and NATIONAL FOODS LIMITED
Ruled By: MALABA CJ and GOWORA JCC and HLATSHWAYO JCC

The applicant, in his founding affidavit, made allegations of bias against the court a quo. However, it ought to be noted that these allegations are not substantiated by any evidence. It is a basic principle of procedural and evidential law that the party who makes allegations against another bears the burden of proving the allegations. The absence ...
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CC20-17 : MORGAN TSVANGIRAI vs ROBERT MUGABE and ZIMBABWE ELECTORAL COMMISSION and RITA MAKARAU, N.O. and CHIEF ELECTIONS OFFICER
Ruled By: CHIDYAUSIKU CJ, MALABA DCJ, ZIYAMBI JA, GWAUNZA JA, GARWE JA, GOWORA JA, HLATSHWAYO JA, CHIWESHE AJA and MAVANGIRA AJA

Seven days after the declaration, on 3 August 2013, of the results of the Presidential election (hereinafter referred to as “the election”) held on 31 July 2013, showing Robert Gabriel Mugabe (hereinafter referred to as “the first respondent”) as the winner of the election, Morgan Tsvangirai (hereinafter referred to as ...
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CC21-19 : NELSON CHAMISA vs EMMERSON DAMBUDZO MNANGAGWA and OTHERS
Ruled By: MALABA CJ, GWAUNZA DCJ, GARWE JCC, MAKARAU JCC, HLATSHWAYO JCC, PATEL JCC, BHUNU JCC, UCHENA JCC and MAKONI JCC

The onus to prove the case is not on the person accused. The accused person does not have to prove his or her innocence.
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Appealed
SC05-19 : TETRAD INVESTMENT BANK LTD (Under Judicial Management) vs BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION and THE SHERIFF OF ZIMBABWE
Ruled By: GWAUNZA JA, GUVAVA JA and MAVANGIRA JA

It is trite that he who alleges must prove….,. Given the allegations set out by the first respondent, we find that the first respondent established a prima facie case which was accepted by the court a quo. Such allegations ought to have been rebutted by the appellant with clear evidence. The appellant had a duty to rebut the respondent`s averments ...
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