This matter was filed as an urgent chamber application in terms of Rule 241 of the High Court Rules. The applicants were seeking the following urgent relief:
“Pending the confirmation or discharge of the provisional order, the following provisional order is granted:
1. The Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations, 2008, SI43/2008, published in Government Gazette Extra Ordinary on 17 March 2008, shall not be applied in respect of the elections on 29 March 2008.
2. Section 59 and 60 of the Electoral Act [Chapter 2:13] as amended by the Electoral Laws Amendment Act, 2007 (Act 17/2007) shall not be applied in respect of elections to be held on 29 March 2008.
3. Illiterate persons and persons with disabilities or otherwise incapacitated voters, where necessary, and at their request, shall be allowed assistance in voting by a person of their own choice.”
I dismissed the application with costs after hearing submissions. The parties have requested reasons for my decisions. These are they.
The facts in this matter are set out in the applicants founding affidavits and may be summarized as follows:
The first and second applicants are visually impaired. The third applicant is physically handicapped and does not have the use of his arms and legs (though it was noted that his application was purportedly signed by him before a Commissioner of Oaths).
The respondent is the Minister for Justice Legal and Parliamentary Affairs responsible for the implementation of provisions of the Electoral Act.
The applicants are all registered voters and wish to exercise their rights at the elections on 29 March 2008. The applicants have submitted that their rights are being violated as they are obliged, in terms of the law, to seek assistance from strangers who will be presiding at the polling station. They averred that the provisions as set out in section 59 and 60 of the Electoral Act and amended by the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 were unconstitutional.
The application was opposed.
Counsel for the respondent submitted;
(i) Firstly, that the matter was not urgent; and
(ii) Secondly, that the relief that the applicants were seeking was not capable of being granted as a court cannot suspend a provision of an enactment.
(iii) She further submitted that as the matter raised a constitutional point it should be determined by the Supreme Court.
(iv) She also submitted that the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 had been enacted in accordance with the provisions of the enabling Act.
URGENCY OF APPLICATION
The urgency in relation to the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 (the Presidential Powers Regulations) has also not been adequately explained.
The applicants complain, in the submissions, and Heads of Arguments (which were filed after the hearing), that the applicants would not be able to cast their vote freely as they cast doubt on the impartiality of the police officers manning the polling stations.
It seems to me that the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 cannot be looked at in isolation.
An examination of sections 59 and 60 of the Electoral Act as amended by the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 shows that persons in the position of the applicants will not be assisted by one person only but by at least four persons at the same time; that is, the presiding officer, two other electoral officers in addition to the police officer on duty.
The circumstances under which all four persons, acting together, would interfere with the applicants rights to freely cast their vote is, in my view, difficult to imagine nor has it been explained.
All four would have to conspire in relation to the visually impaired applicant to vote against their wishes and be agreed on whom they wanted to vote for.
In relation to the third applicant, the court has not been told that he cannot use mouth to mark the ballot paper against the candidates of his choice. If he could sign so elegantly he should surely be able to place an X on the ballot paper.
It seems to me, therefore, that the application cannot suddenly have become urgent merely because a fourth person has been included in the number of persons assisting illiterate and disabled voters.
The provisions of the Electoral Act rendering assistance to physically handicapped persons has always been in existence - even before the 2007 amendment. The position would have been different, in my view, had the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 sought to remove the other three persons who are already in the Electoral Act and substitute them with one person. However, this is not the position in this case.
For these reasons, I would therefore find that the application is not urgent and dismiss it on that basis.
Although I have dismissed the application on the basis of the preliminary point raised, I, however, wish to comment on the following issues which were raised in this application.
The applicant submitted that the interim relief should be granted on four grounds:
(i) It was submitted that the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 were ultra vires the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) Act [Chapter 10:20] as they were not made in accordance with section 2 of the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) Act.
(ii) Secondly, the provisions of the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 (Presidential Powers Regulations) seek to reintroduce the assistance of police officers which had been removed by the Electoral Amendment Act No.17 of 2007.
Counsel for the applicants submitted further that sections 59 and 60 of the Electoral Act were negotiated provisions between the political parties and it was wrong for the President to reintroduce it through the Presidential Powers Regulations.
(iii) It was further submitted that the President is also contesting the elections and the Presidential Powers Regulations may have been gazetted to further his interest.
(iv) Finally, the applicants submitted that the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 violated their rights as enshrined in the Constitution, UN Conventions on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the SADC Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections, and the AU Declaration On The Principles Governing Democratic Elections In Africa.
It is trite that once Regulations are published in terms of the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) Act they have the same force and effect, during their life span, as legislation passed by an Act of Parliament.
The applicant has asked that this court suspend the operation of the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 and sections 59 and 60 of the Electoral Act so that they are not applicable in the elections which are to take place tomorrow.
In the case of The Registrar General of Elections v Combined Harare Residents Association & Anor SC07-02 CHIDYAUSIKU CJ held that a court could not suspend the operation of any legislation. He states…, as follows:
“With respect, this is where the learned judge fell into error. The court cannot suspend the provisions of the Act for whatever purpose and no matter how desirable and plausible that may be. It is the legislature itself, and possibly an authority properly delegated, that can amend an Act of Parliament…,.”
It seems to me, therefore, that where provisions of an enactment may be void, whether on the basis of being unconstitutional or on the basis of being ultra vires the authority delegated by Parliament, they remain in full force until they have been declared void and set aside. The court cannot suspend their operation for a limited period - however compelling the reasons.
The applicant further submitted that if the court finds that it cannot suspend an enactment it should declare the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 null and void.
The effect of such an order would be to grant a final order in this matter.
This is improper because matters which are brought on a certificate of urgency require that only interim relief be granted as the applicant only needs to establish a prima facie case: see The Registrar General of Elections v Combined Harare Residents Association & Anor SC07-02…,..
In this case, I also note that the applicant has raised serious concerns relating to the use of the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) Act and the constitutionality of the provisions enacted in both the Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) (Amendment of Electoral Act) (No.2) Regulations 2008, S.I.43 of 2008 and the Electoral Act [Chapter 2;13].
The Attorney General has not been cited.
He is the Governments chief legal advisor and must be cited in all matters which involve the striking down of legislation in force so that he can be given an opportunity to make submissions in respect to the issues raised.
The application was filed on Wednesday 26 March late in the afternoon. It could only be set down on the Thursday. The respondent was served with the notice of set down barely three hours before the matter was argued. No opposing papers could be filed due to the short notice.
In my view, it would be improper, in these circumstances, for a court make a final determination on such important issues: see also Kuvarega v Registrar General & Anor 1998 (1) ZLR 188.
It was for these reasons that I dismissed the application with costs.
