Categories

• Administrative Law re: Approach, the Wednesbury Principle and the Constitutional Right to Administrative Justice
  • Administrative Law re: Administration Fees
  • Administrative Law re: Administrative Directive, Doctrine of Legality and the Principle Against Doubtful Penalization
  • Administrative Law re: Approach iro Delegated Authority and Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se
  • Administrative Law re: Approach iro Non-Administrative Authorities & Authorities Exempt from Administrative Justice Act
  • Administrative Law re: Approach, Discretionary Powers re: Interference with a Judicial Court Order
  • Administrative Law re: Approach, Discretionary Powers, Judicial Interference, Legitimate Expectation and Due Process
  • Administrative Law re: Form, Manner, Nature and Legal Basis for Proceedings
  • Administrative Law re: Gag, Non-Dissemination or Suppression Order and the Sub Judice Rule
  • Administrative Law re: Presumptions of Regularity and Validity of Official Documents or Advice & Doctrine of Estoppel
• Administrative Law re: Professional Bodies iro Legal Practitioners, Officers of the Court, Self Actors and Litigants
  • Advocates Chambers and Operations of the De Facto Bar
  • Legal Practitioner and Client Privilege
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Amicus Curiae or Friend of the Court and Interveners
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Approach iro Litigants With a Common Interest
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Approach, State Functionaries and Judicial Interference
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Corporate Entities
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Discipline, Registration, De-registration and Curatorship
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Non-Legal Practitioner Representative Capacity
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Pro Deo and Pro Amico Representation
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Self Actors and Presumption of Knowledge of the Law
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Switching of Legal Representation in the Course of Proceedings
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Tariff Structure and Currency of Account
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience before Courts re: Watching Brief and Foreign Representatives
  • Practicing Certificates and Right of Audience re: Assumption, Renunciation of Agency & Correspondent Legal Practitioners
  • Professional Ethics, Legal Duty to the Court and Clients, Dominus Litis and Correspondence with the Court
• Administrative Law re: Professional Bodies iro Medical and Dental Practitioners
  • Medical Aid Societies
  • Medicines Control
  • Practicing Certificates
• Agency Law
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Agency Relationship iro Common Interest Parties
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Agency Relationship, Independent Contractor & Quasi-Mutual Assent Doctrine
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Delegation of Public Functions and Qui Facit Per Alium Facit Per Se
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Ex Post Facto or Subsequent Ratification and the Principle of Unanimous Consent
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Judicial Appointment
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Licencing, Registration, Accreditation & Revenue Collection ito Statutory Election
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Licencing, Registration, Accreditation and Revenue Collection ito Non-Statutory
  • Agency Law re: Acting For Another iro Power of Attorney, Resolutions, Proxy, Negotiorum Gestio, Conduct & Derivative Action
  • Agency Law re: Commission Payments and Administrative Fees
  • Agency Law re: Possession with Indicia of Dominium or Jus Disponendi and the Concept of Depositum
• Banking, Finance and Investment Law
  • Account Mandates, Service or Maintenance Charges, Nostro Accounts, Freezing of Accounts and Custodial Services
  • Asset Management, Stockbroking, Securities and Investments
  • Credit Facilities and Money Lending
  • Credit Facilities and Money Lending re: Insider Loans
  • Demand Deposits and the Nature of the Contractual Relationship Between Banker and Customer
  • Exchange Control, International Trade and the Intercontinental, Exchange or Nominal Value of a Currency
  • Functions of the Central Bank and Quasi-Fiscal Operations
  • Insolvency of Financial Institutions
  • Legal Tender, Effect of Demonetization of Currency and the Statutory Revalorization of Loans, Obligations or Deposits
  • Payment Systems and Negotiable Instruments
• Broadcasting, Media, Postal and Communications Law
  • Licencing, Registration and Accreditation
  • Production and Distribution
  • Public Broadcasting and Encryption
• Canon or Ecclesiastical Law
  • Canonical Disputes, Resignation or Dismissal from Membership, Schisms, Secession and the Declaration of Independence
  • Legal Status of a Diocese
  • Relationship Between the State and the Church, the Principle of State Neutrality and the Test of Sincerity
  • Religious Indoctrination and Extremism
• Civil Procedure
  • Absolution from the Instance, Evidential Deficit and the Concept of Prima Facie
  • Appeal re: Active Participation of Judicial Officers in Scrutiny Proceedings
  • Appeal re: Appearance of Litigants at Appeal Hearings
  • Appeal re: Consolidated Matters, Joinder of Actions, Co-Hearing or Joint Hearing Suits
  • Appeal re: Dismissal of Appeal Without a Hearing, Striking Off, Lapsing or Abandonment of Appeal & Reinstatement of Appeal
  • Appeal re: Ex Tempore Order and the Effect of the Absence of Reasons for Judgment
  • Appeal re: Expedited Set Down of an Appeal on an Urgent Basis, Default Urgency and Interim Relief Pending Appeal
  • Appeal re: Findings of Fact or Exercise of Discretion Made by Lower Court and Non Sequitur Reasoning iro Approach
  • Appeal re: Findings of Fact or Exercise of Discretion Made by Lower Court iro Jurisdictional Considerations
  • Appeal re: Findings of Fact or Exercise of Discretion Made by Lower Court iro Unterminated or Incomplete Proceedings
  • Appeal re: Leave to Lead Further Evidence iro Appeals in the Wide and Narrow Sense & Principle of Finality to Litigation
  • Appeal re: Limitation to the Right of Appeal iro Procedural, Statutory, Contractual Limitations & Doctrine of Peremption
  • Appeal re: Non-Active Parties in Proceedings a Quo and Active Parties Against Whom Substantive Order Is Not Directed
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Appeal Against Aquittal
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach and the Right of Appeal iro Electoral Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach and the Right of Appeal iro Ex Parte Appeal
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach iro Stated Case or Amicable Action Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach, Notice of Appeal and the Right of Appeal iro Default Judgment
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach, Notice of Appeal and the Right of Appeal iro Labour Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach, Notice of Appeal, Grounds of Appeal & Right of Appeal iro Fiscal or Taxation Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach, Right of Appeal and Grounds of Appeal iro Administrative and Quasi Judicial
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Approach, Right of Appeal and Grounds of Appeal iro Constitutional Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal re: Multiple Litigants and Citation by Reference Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Approach, Notice of Appeal and the Right of Appeal
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Approach, Notice of Appeal iro Supporting Heads of Argument
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Consent Orders, Orders By Consent or Consent to Judgment
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Cross-Appeal
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal & Notice of Appeal iro Consolidated Matters
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Approach
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Approach ito Abandoned Pleadings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Belated Pleadings ito Approach
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Belated Pleadings ito Constitutional
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Belated Pleadings ito Fiscal Process
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Issues Raised Mero Motu By the Court
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Labour Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Record of Proceedings ito Systemic Delays
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Relief Sought on Appeal
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Interlocutory Judgments & Nature and Effect of Relief Granted
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Security for Costs
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders iro Autonomous Court Divisions
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders Pending Appeal iro Approach
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders Pending Appeal iro Criminal Proceeding
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders Pending Appeal iro Fiscal Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders Pending Appeal iro Labour Proceedings
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders Pending Appeal iro Partial Appeal
  • Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders Pending Appeal iro Quasi Judicial
  • Audi Alteram Partem Rule re: Approach, Orders Granted Without a Hearing and the Doctrine of Notice
  • Audi Alteram Partem Rule re: Contractual Rights and Obligations and the Sharing of Information
  • Contempt of Court re: Conduct Towards Judicial Officers, Scandalising the Court or Murmuring Judges & Sub Judice Rule
  • Contempt of Court re: Defiance of Court Orders
  • Costs re: Active Parties Against Whom the Substantive Order Is Not Directed Toward
  • Costs re: Administrative, Quasi Judicial and Labour Proceedings
  • Costs re: Amicus Curiae or Friend of the Court
  • Costs re: Apportioned Costs, Partially Successful Claims and Active Multiple Litigants
  • Costs re: Approach
  • Costs re: Claim for Costs Against Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Officers Acting in the Course and Scope of Duty
  • Costs re: Consensual, Consent Orders or Orders By Consent, Tender of Costs and Contractual
  • Costs re: Consolidated Matters
  • Costs re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Costs re: De Bonis Propriis, Deceased Estates and the Abuse of Representative or Administrative Capacity Positions
  • Costs re: Engagement of Multiple Counsel and the Standard of Difficulty of the Litigation
  • Costs re: Fiscal or Taxation Proceedings
  • Costs re: Interim or Interlocutory Proceedings
  • Costs re: Legal Aid, Indigent and Informa Pauperis Litigants
  • Costs re: Matrimonial Proceedings
  • Costs re: Matter Clarifying a Point of Law, Proceedings Concluded on Judicial Misdirections & Public Interest Litigation
  • Costs re: No Order as to Costs or No Costs Order iro Approach
  • Costs re: No Order as to Costs or No Costs Order iro Un-opposed Proceedings, Non-Active Parties and Nominal Parties
  • Costs re: Punitive Order of Costs or Punitive Costs
  • Costs re: Self Actors, Witness Expenses and Compensation to Third Parties for Legal Advice Rendered to Self-Actors
  • Costs re: Taxation of Costs and the Recovery of Costs
  • Costs re: Wasted Costs
  • Court Management re: Accessibility to Pleadings by Non-Parties
  • Court Management re: Appearance of Litigants at Proceedings
  • Court Management re: Approach, Case Management, Postponement of Proceedings and Judicial Directives of the Court
  • Court Management re: Case Management, Postponement of Proceedings and Directives iro Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Court Management re: Co-Hearing or Joint Hearing Proceedings
  • Court Management re: Co-Hearing, Joint Hearing, Consolidated & Joinder of Action Proceedings iro Effect of Composite Orders
  • Court Management re: Consolidation of Matters, Joinder of Actions, Fragmantation of Disputes and the Consolidation Order
  • Court Management re: Electronic Processing and Broadcasting of Proceedings
  • Court Management re: Gag, Non-Dissemination or Suppression Order and the Sub Judice Rule
  • Court Management re: Mediation
  • Court Management re: Postponement of Proceedings iro Trial Within a Trial and the Exercise of Summary Jurisdiction
  • Default Judgment re: Appeal Proceedings
  • Default Judgment re: Default Judgment and Rescission of Judgment iro Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Default Judgment re: Default Judgment and Rescission of Judgment iro Labour Proceedings
  • Default Judgment re: Default Judgment and Snatching at a Judgment iro Approach, Unopposed Suits & Pleadings on Record
  • Default Judgment re: Default Judgment and Snatching at a Judgment iro Claim for Damages
  • Default Judgment re: Default Judgment and Snatching at a Judgment iro Marital Proceedings
  • Default Judgment re: Default Judgment and Snatching at a Judgment iro Urgent Proceedings on Notice of Motion
  • Default Judgment re: Rescission of a Rescission of Judgment Order or Reinstatement of a Default Judgment
  • Default Judgment re: Rescission of Judgment iro Approach
  • Default Judgment re: Rescission of Judgment iro Foreign Judgments
  • Default Judgment re: Wilful or Negligent Acts and the Principle of Hierarchy of the Courts iro Legal Practitioners
  • Ex Parte Applications, Proceedings Without Notice, Snatching at a Judgment and the Uberrima Fides Rule
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Deferred or Contingent Judgments, Retrospective Orders and the De Facto Doctrine
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Effect of an Order of Dismissal and the Revival of Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Equity Relief, Public Interest Litigation and the Interests of Justice
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Ex Tempore Orders & Entitlement to Written Reasons for Judgment ito Consent Orders
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Ex Tempore Orders & Entitlement to Written Reasons for Judgment ito Default Judgment
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Ex Tempore Orders & Entitlement to Written Reasons for Judgment ito Interlocutory Orders
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Ex Tempore Orders, Entitlement and Probative Value of Written Reasons for Judgment
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Functions, Powers, Obligations, Judicial Misdirections and Effect of Court Orders
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Functions, Powers, Obligations, Judicial Misdirections ito Declaration of Nullity
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Handing Down and Form of Judgments, Formation of Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Issues
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Handing Down of Judgment ito Conversion of Foreign Currency Transactions
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Handing Down of Judgment ito Implied Determination and the Severability of Judgments
  • Final Orders re: Approach iro Registration, Recognition & Enforcement of Foreign Judgments, Lex Causae and Lex Fori
  • Final Orders re: Brutum Fulmen Judgment and the Doctrines of Effectiveness, Mootness and Peremption
  • Final Orders re: Community Courts iro Proceedings, Registration and Jurisdiction of Civil Courts
  • Final Orders re: Composition of Bench iro Precedents ito Per Incuriam Judgments & Orders Without Foundational Reasoning
  • Final Orders re: Composition of Bench iro Precedents, Stare Decisis, Disparate Facts & Effect of Ex Post Facto Legislation
  • Final Orders re: Composition of Bench iro Verdict, Incapacitation, Disagreements & Nature or Complexity of Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Confirmation or Discharge of Interim Interdict iro Approach
  • Final Orders re: Confirmation or Discharge of Interim Interdict iro Statutory Based or Non-Common Law Remedies
  • Final Orders re: Final and Conclusive Rule iro Approach and the Effect of Conflicting Judgments
  • Final Orders re: Final and Conclusive Rule iro Default Judgment
  • Final Orders re: Final and Conclusive Rule iro Extant Brutum Fulmen Judgment
  • Final Orders re: Finality in Litigation iro Approach, Decree of Perpetual Silence, Sitting on Judgment & Superannuation
  • Final Orders re: Finality in Litigation iro Decree of Perpetual Silence, Sitting on Judgment & Superannuation ito Quasi
  • Final Orders re: Finality to Litigation iro Dismissal of a Matter For Want of Prosecution ito Approach
  • Final Orders re: Finality to Litigation iro Dismissal of a Matter For Want of Prosecution ito Criminal
  • Final Orders re: Finality to Litigation iro Dismissal of a Matter For Want of Prosecution ito Quasi Judicial
  • Final Orders re: Judgment in Personam iro Parties Bound by a Court Order
  • Final Orders re: Judgment in Rem iro Effect, Legitimate Expectation and Principle of Greater Public Good Must Prevail
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission and the Final and Conclusive Rule iro Constitutional Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission and the Final and Conclusive Rule iro Labour Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission and the Final and Conclusive Rule iro Provisional Orders
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission and the Final and Conclusive Rule iro Quasi Judicial
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Common Law Rescission and Restitutio In Integrum
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Consent Papers, Consent Orders and Consent to Judgment
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Corrections and Orders Erroneously Sought or Granted
  • Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission, Corrections iro Ex Tempore Orders
  • Final Orders re: Procedural Irregularities iro Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Procedural Irregularities iro Approach
  • Final Orders re: Procedural Irregularities iro Approach ito Discretion to Condone, Interfere, Dismiss, Remit or Strike
  • Final Orders re: Procedural Irregularities iro Approach ito Evidential Deficiencies
  • Final Orders re: Procedural Irregularities iro Approach ito Practice Directives or Practice Directions
  • Final Orders re: Procedural Irregularities iro Constitutional Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Procedural Irregularities iro Labour Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution iro Approach, Execution Powers, Ex Post Facto Legislation and Superannuated Orders
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro Criminal Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro Engagement of Reinforcements
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro Form and Nature of Order for Execution
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro Labour Proceedings
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro Set-Off of Judicial Rights and Obligations
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro State Property and Immunity from Execution
  • Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro Upliftment of Writ of Execution
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Impeachment of Interim Relief Granted By Consent
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Interim Relief Expressed in Similar Terms to the Final Order Sought
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Judicial Fiduciary Role iro Tender or Payment and Trust Facilities Pendente Lite
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Mandamus or Mandatory Interdict and the Seeking or Granting of Final Interdicts
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Past Invasion of Rights Premised On Prima Facie Lawful Conduct & Right to Legality
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Relief Conflicting with Practice Directives or Practice Directions
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Relief Conflicting with Statutes, Extant Court Orders & Prima Facie Lawful Conduct
  • Interim Interdict or Final Order re: Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie Proceedings
  • Interim Interdict Pendente Confirmation or Discharge Proceedings re: Approach, Return Date and the Prima Facie Concept
  • Interim Interdict Pendente Lite and Stay of Execution re: Approach
  • Interim Interdict Pendente Lite and Stay of Execution re: Approach iro Automatic Stay of Execution
  • Interim Interdict Pendente Lite and Stay of Execution re: Interim Interdict Pending Nothing
  • Interim Interdict Pendente Lite and Stay of Execution re: Labour Proceedings
  • Judicial Declaratory Order or Declaratur re: Approach iro Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Judicial Declaratory Order or Declaratur re: Approach iro Labour Proceedings
  • Judicial Declaratory Order or Declaratur re: Approach iro Retrospective Rights and Accruals from Repealed Laws
  • Judicial Declaratory Order or Declaratur re: Approach iro Rights, Facts, Consequential Relief & Disguised Review Actions
  • Judicial Declaratory Order or Declaratur re: Interpleader Proceedings iro Judicial Attachment
  • Judicial Declaratory Order or Declaratur re: Interpleader Proceedings iro Property Held in Trust
  • Judicial Eviction re: Pending Criminal Proceedings
  • Judicial Eviction, Attachment and Order re: Approach and Alienation or Disposal of Property Under Judicial Attachment
  • Judicial Eviction, Attachment and Order re: State Assets and Immunity from Execution
  • Judicial Eviction, Attachment and Order re: Upliftment of Judicial Attachment
  • Judicial Eviction, Sale in Execution, Attachment and Order re: Fees of the Executing Authority
  • Judicial Sale in Execution re: Approach, Suspension, Setting Aside, Foreclosure Proceedings and Forced Sales
  • Pleadings re: Abandoned Pleadings
  • Pleadings re: Admissions or Undisputed Facts iro Confessionaries, Confession and Avoidance & Concession and Avoidance
  • Pleadings re: Admissions or Undisputed Facts iro Conversion of Action or Motion Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Admissions or Undisputed Facts iro Special Pleas, Plea in Bar and Plea in Abatement
  • Pleadings re: Admissions or Undisputed Facts iro Stated, Special Case or Amicable Action Suits & Dispensation of Trial
  • Pleadings re: Amendment to Pleadings, Summons, Declaration and Draft Orders iro Action Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Amendment to Pleadings, Summons, Declaration and Draft Orders iro Approach
  • Pleadings re: Amendment to Pleadings, Summons, Declaration and Draft Orders iro Summary Judgment Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Approach iro Prevaricative or Inconsistent Pleading and Candidness with the Court
  • Pleadings re: Approach iro Waiver ito Judicial Rights to Due Process or Action
  • Pleadings re: Approach to Pleadings, Pre-Trial, Disparities with Testimony, Unchallenged Statements & Issue Estoppel
  • Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings and Matters Raised Mero Motu by the Court iro Pleading from the Bar
  • Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings or Issues Not Specifically Pleaded iro Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings or Issues Not Specifically Pleaded iro Constitutional Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings or Issues Not Specifically Pleaded iro Criminal Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings or Issues Not Specifically Pleaded iro De Novo and Remittal Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings or Issues Not Specifically Pleaded iro Summary Judgment Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings, Matters Raised Mero Motu by Court and Doctrine of Notice iro Approach
  • Pleadings re: Claims, Counter-Claim, Claim in Reconvention and Counter Application iro Approach
  • Pleadings re: Claims, Counter-Claim, Claim in Reconvention and Counter Application iro Effect of Composite Orders
  • Pleadings re: Claims, Counter-Claim, Claim in Reconvention and Counter Application iro Exception and Special Pleas
  • Pleadings re: Claims, Counter-Claim, Claim in Reconvention and Counter Application iro Plea in the Alternative
  • Pleadings re: Expedited Set Down of Ordinary Applications & Return Dates of Provisional Orders or Interim Interdicts
  • Pleadings re: Forum Shopping or Double-Dipping iro Approach
  • Pleadings re: Forum Shopping or Double-Dipping iro Constitutional Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Heads of Argument, Written Arguments and Oral Submissions
  • Pleadings re: Inter-related Suits, Cross-Referencing, Record of Proceedings and Off the Record or In Vacuo Submissions
  • Pleadings re: Joint Pleas, Co-Applicants and Common Relief
  • Pleadings re: Language of Record
  • Pleadings re: Litis Contestatio, Closure of Pleadings, Joinder of Issues and Notice to Discover
  • Pleadings re: Nullity of Proceedings or Acts iro De Facto Doctrine or the Doctrine of Necessity
  • Pleadings re: Nullity of Proceedings, Void or Voidable Acts iro Effect on Recommendations of Administrative Tribunals
  • Pleadings re: Nullity of Proceedings, Void or Voidable Acts, Peremptory Provisions and the Flowing of Rights Therefrom
  • Pleadings re: Striking Out or Expunging of Claim, Defence, Counter Claim, Pleadings and Reinstatement of Plea
  • Pleadings re: Withdrawal of Pleadings, Admissions, Proceedings or Claims iro Approach
  • Pleadings re: Withdrawal of Pleadings, Admissions, Proceedings or Claims iro Criminal Proceedings
  • Pleadings re: Withdrawal of Pleadings, Admissions, Proceedings or Claims iro Statement of Agreed Facts
  • Provisional Sentence: Claims Founded on an Acknowledgement of Debt or Liquid Document
  • Recusal re: Approach, Presumption of Impartiality, Nemo Judex in Sua Causa and the Doctrine of Necessity
  • Recusal re: Legal Practitioners
  • Review re: Active Participation of Judicial Officers in Scrutiny Proceedings
  • Review re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Review re: Approach iro Appearance of Litigants at Review Hearings
  • Review re: Approach, Review Jurisdiction, Powers iro Composition of the Bench
  • Review re: Automatic Review
  • Review re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Review re: Constitutional Tribunal, Action Taken Under Executive or Constitutional Prerogative & Endorsed Recommendations
  • Review re: Default Judgment
  • Review re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Review re: Labour Proceedings
  • Review re: Land Reform or Expropriation Proceedings
  • Review re: Non-Active Parties in Proceedings a Quo and Active Parties Against Whom Substantive Order Is Not Directed
  • Review re: Proceedings of Courts of Parallel or Superior Jurisdiction and Mero Motu Review of a Court's Own Judgment
  • Review re: Record of Proceedings iro Systemic Delays
  • Review re: Suspension of Orders Pending Review re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Review re: Suspension of Orders Pending Review re: Approach
  • Review re: Suspension of Orders Pending Review re: Labour Proceedings
  • Review re: Terminated or Complete Proceedings iro Approach, Review Jurisdiction, Powers, Grounds & Record of Proceedings
  • Review re: Terminated or Complete Proceedings iro Non Procedural Grounds for Review & Limitation to the Right of Review
  • Review re: Terminated or Complete Proceedings iro Review By Way of Declaratory Order or Declaratur
  • Review re: Unterminated or Incomplete Proceedings, Interlocutory Orders and Stay of Proceedings Pendente Lite
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Ambiguous, Undefined Provisions iro Principle Against Doubtful Penalisation
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Ambiguous, Undefined Provisions, Legislative Intent & Noscitur a Sociis Rule
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Conflicting Statutes & Principle of Lex Posterior Priori Derogant
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits and the Reckoning of Time
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Constitutional Provisions
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Contractual Clauses, Contra Proferentem Rule and the Ut res magis Principle
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Deeming Provisions and the Automatic Application by Operation of Law
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Error of Reference
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Hortatory or Qualified Provisions
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Incorporation Documents of Voluntary Associations or Universitas
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: International Law, Foreign Jurisdiction Interpretation and Judicial Lag
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Labour Statutes
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Non Obstante or Notwithstanding Clause & Generalia Specialibus Non Derogant
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Proviso, Severable or Stand Alone Provisions and In Pari Materia Principle
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Recognition, Ousting, Alteration and Modification of a Legal System
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Recognition, Ousting, Alteration and Modification of Common Law
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Retrospectivity, Effect of Ex Post Facto, Subsequent and Repealed Laws
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Subsidiary Legislation iro Government Notice, Directives & Blue Pencil Rule
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Subsidiary or Delegated Legislation & Inconsistencies with Principal Act
  • Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Tax Legislation, Ambiguous Fiscal Provisions and the Contra Fiscum Rule
  • Summary Judgment: Clear and Un-Answerable Claims re: Claim for Damages
  • Summary Judgment: Clear and Unanswerable Claims re: Approach
• Civil Procedure re: Points in Limine and Technical Objections
  • Approach re: Issues in Limine, Technical or Procedural Objections iro Public Interest Litigation
  • Approach re: Issues in Limine, Technical or Procedural Objections, Dilatory, Declinatory and Dispositive Pleas
  • Automatic Bar re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Automatic Bar re: Approach, Notice to Plead, Notice of Intention to Bar, Upliftment of Bar and the Dies Induciae
  • Automatic Bar re: Bar of Perpetual Silence
  • Automatic Bar re: Marital Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Abuse of Process, Vexatious or Putative Claim, De Minimis and Uberrima Fides Rules
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Appearance to Defend iro Effect of Non-Appearance
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Appearance to Defend iro Notice of Set Down ito Criminal Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Appearance to Defend, Filing of Opposition Papers & Set Down of Matters
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Approach iro Bruta Fulmina Proceedings and Doctrines of Mootness and Effectiveness
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Approach iro Classification and Form of Party to Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Approach iro Constitutional Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Approach iro De Novo and Remittal Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Approach iro Electoral Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Approach iro Labour Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Approach, Timing, Framing, Forum and Legal Basis for Invoking Jurisdiction of Court
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Criminal Allegations Raised in Civil Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Doctrine Against Benefiting from One's Own Wrongs iro Criminal Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Doctrine Against Benefitting from One's Own Wrongdoing
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Effect of Ex Post Facto or Subsequent Legislation & Doctrine of Retrospectivity
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Exceptions iro Concurrent Criminal & Civil Proceedings & Concept of Double Jeopardy
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Exceptions iro Evidential, Subjugative Exception & Jurisdictional Considerations
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Exceptions iro Further Particulars and Faulty Formulation of Pleadings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Exceptions, Special Pleas, Plea in Bar & Plea in Abatement iro Quasi Judicial
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Exceptions, Special Pleas, Plea in Bar and Plea in Abatement iro Approach
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Joinder Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Nominal Litigant Proceedings
  • Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Summary Process, Suits In Rem & Causes Arising from Evidence Adduced in Proceedings
  • Cause of Action re: Form, Manner and Nature of Proceedings iro Approach to Application, Motion and Action Proceedings
  • Cause of Action re: Form, Manner and Nature of Proceedings iro Indictment By Citation or Summary Indictment
  • Cause of Action re: Form, Manner, Nature and Legal Basis for Proceedings iro Administrative and Quasi Judicial Process
  • Cause of Action re: Mutually Exclusive or Omnibus Claims, Alternative Pleas & Formulation of Elements of Each Claim
  • Cause of Action re: Proceedings Founded on Without Prejudice Negotiations or During Privileged Communications
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings Against Foreign States and International Organisations
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings Against the State, State Agents and Statutory Notice of Intention to Sue
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings for the Benefit of Third Parties and the Cession of Action
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings Founded Upon Equity Relief
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings Founded Upon Foreign Legislation or Judgments & Theories of Lex Causae & Lex Fori
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings Founded Upon Repealed Legislation
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings Involving Minors, Persons Under Disability, Indigent & Informa Pauperis Litigants
  • Cause of Action re: Suits or Proceedings Involving the President, Judges and Officers of the Court
  • Citation and Joinder re: Approach iro Removal of Cited Party from Proceedings
  • Citation and Joinder re: Approach iro Substitution of a Party and Change of Status of a Litigant
  • Citation and Joinder re: Approach iro Third Party Notices ito Amicus Curiae or Friend of the Court and Interveners
  • Citation and Joinder re: Approach iro Third Party Notices ito Joinder of the State and State Agents
  • Citation and Joinder re: Approach iro Third Party Notices ito Nominal, Financial Interest Parties & Peripheral Interest
  • Citation and Joinder re: Approach, the Joinder of Necessity and Third Party Notices
  • Citation and Joinder re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Citation and Joinder re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Citation and Joinder re: Labour Proceedings
  • Citation and Joinder re: Legal Status of Litigants, Name Descriptions, Trade Names and the Principle of Legal Persona
  • Citation and Joinder re: Minors
  • Citation and Joinder re: Multiple Litigants, Citation by Reference Proceedings, Common Interests and Effect on Pleadings
  • Citation and Joinder re: Party Acting in Official Capacity, Statutory or Peremptory Citation and Delegated Authority
  • Citation and Joinder re: Proceedings In Rem or Suits Binding the Whole World and Principle of Summary Process
  • Dirty Hands Principle and the Doctrine of Obedience of the Law re: Administrative, Labour and Quasi Judicial Process
  • Dirty Hands Principle and the Doctrine of Obedience of the Law re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Dirty Hands Principle and the Doctrine of Obedience of the Law Until its Lawful Invalidation or Repeal re: Approach
  • Disputes of Fact or Conflict of Facts re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Disputes of Fact or Conflict of Facts re: Approach, Factual, Non-Factual, Questions of Law and Material Resolutions
  • Disputes of Fact or Conflict of Facts re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Disputes of Fact or Conflict of Facts re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Disputes of Fact or Conflict of Facts re: Rescission of Default Judgment Proceedings
  • Disputes of Fact or Conflict of Facts re: Statement of Agreed Facts
  • Disputes of Fact or Conflict of Facts re: Summary Judgment Proceedings
  • Founding Affidavits re: Active Participation of Judicial Officers in Scrutiny Proceedings
  • Founding Affidavits re: Affidavit of Interest
  • Founding Affidavits re: Approach and the Rule that a Case Stands or Falls on Founding Affidavit
  • Founding Affidavits re: Approach and the Rule that a Case Stands or Falls on Founding Affidavit iro Action Claims
  • Founding Affidavits re: Approach, Amendment, Form, Framing, Commissioning, Authentication and Execution
  • Founding Affidavits re: Approach, Deponent & Rule a Case Stands or Falls on Founding Affidavit iro Citation by Reference
  • Founding Affidavits re: Deponent iro Approach, Representative Authority and the Affidavit of Collegiality
  • Founding Affidavits re: Deponent iro Ex Post Facto or Subsequent Ratification and the Principle of Unanimous Consent
  • Founding Affidavits re: Summary Judgment Proceedings
  • Founding Affidavits re: Supplementary Submissions, Additional Evidence iro Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Founding Affidavits re: Supplementary Submissions, Additional Evidence, Closure of Case and the Application to Re-open
  • Jurisdiction re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings and Maintenance of Record of Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Approach iro Academic or Moot Proceedings and the Doctrine of Justiciability
  • Jurisdiction re: Approach iro Adjudication of Proceedings Beyond the Judicial Realm
  • Jurisdiction re: Approach iro Composition of Bench and the Powers of Adjudication
  • Jurisdiction re: Approach iro Equity Relief
  • Jurisdiction re: Approach iro Judicial Hierarchy and Court of Record
  • Jurisdiction re: Approach, Concurrent Jurisdiction, Statutory, Procedural and Contractual Jurisdictional Curtailment
  • Jurisdiction re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Domestic Territorial Jurisdiction and Change of Venue
  • Jurisdiction re: Domestic, Internal or Local Procedures
  • Jurisdiction re: Domestic, Internal or Local Remedies and the Principle of Subsidiarity
  • Jurisdiction re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Fiscal or Taxation Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Functus Officio iro Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Functus Officio iro Approach
  • Jurisdiction re: Functus Officio iro Consent Papers, Consent Orders and Consent to Judgment
  • Jurisdiction re: Functus Officio iro Interlocutory Orders and Presiding Over the Same Parties on Ancillary Issues
  • Jurisdiction re: Implied Jurisdiction or Jurisdiction By Implication and Submission to Jurisdiction
  • Jurisdiction re: Judicial Deference iro Assessment of Prospects on Appeal, Review or Main Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Judicial Deference iro Autonomy of Court over its own Rules & the Interference with Rules of Other Courts
  • Jurisdiction re: Judicial Deference iro Remittals and the Recognition of Competent Authoritative Bodies and Judicial Tribunals
  • Jurisdiction re: Judicial Deference iro Specialised Courts and Tribunals
  • Jurisdiction re: Labour Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Land Reform or Expropriation Proceedings
  • Jurisdiction re: Monetary, Cause of Action or Subject Matter
  • Jurisdiction re: Personal or In Personam Jurisdiction iro Approach
  • Jurisdiction re: Personal or In Personam Jurisdiction iro Peregrinus or Non-Residents and the Rule of Forum Rei Sitae
  • Jurisdiction re: Personal or In Personam Jurisdiction iro Territorial Sovereignty, Lex Causae and Lex Fori Theories
  • Jurisdiction re: Procedure as to Continuation of Proceedings in the event of Incapacitation of the Presiding Officer
  • Jurisdiction re: Review of Prerogative or Executive Powers of the President
  • Jurisdiction re: Security for Costs and Stay of Proceedings Pending Settlement of Costs
  • Lis Alibi Pendens or Pending Litigation re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Lis Alibi Pendens or Pending Litigation re: Approach
  • Lis Alibi Pendens or Pending Litigation re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Lis Alibi Pendens or Pending Litigation re: Criminal Proceedings
  • Lis Alibi Pendens or Pending Litigation re: Foreign Proceedings
  • Lis Alibi Pendens or Pending Litigation re: Labour Proceedings
  • Lis Alibi Pendens or Pending Litigation re: Summary Judgment Proceedings
  • Locus Standi re: Approach and the Legal Capacity to Institute or Defend Legal Proceedings
  • Locus Standi re: Approach and the Legal Capacity to Institute or Defend Legal Proceedings iro Automatic Locus Standi
  • Locus Standi re: Approach and the Legal Capacity to Institute or Defend Legal Proceedings iro Citation by Reference
  • Locus Standi re: Approach iro Change of Status of a Litigant
  • Locus Standi re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Locus Standi re: Constitutional Proceedings iro Non-Fundamental Rights
  • Locus Standi re: Continuum Proceedings
  • Locus Standi re: Derivative Action, Acting for an Organisation Amidst Leadership Wrangles and the Proper Plaintiff Rule
  • Locus Standi re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Locus Standi re: Factual or Evidential Averments, Pleadings and Relief Competently Available to Another Party
  • Locus Standi re: Government Ministries and State Institutions Lacking Legal Persona
  • Locus Standi re: Legal Status of Litigants, Voluntary or Un-incorporated Associations & the Principle of Legal Persona
  • Locus Standi re: Public Interest Litigation
  • Prescription re: Administrative or Quasi Judicial Proceedings and Judicial Procedural Rights and Obligations
  • Prescription re: Approach, Interruption, Delay or Postponement in the Completion of Prescription
  • Prescription re: Claims Founded on Customary Law
  • Prescription re: Class Action Proceedings
  • Prescription re: Constitutional Proceedings, Public Rights, Null and Void Transactions and the Declaratory Remedy
  • Prescription re: Contingent Claim
  • Prescription re: Continuous, Continuum or Repetitive Conduct
  • Prescription re: Contractual and Accessory Debt Security Instruments
  • Prescription re: Criminal Proceedings
  • Prescription re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Prescription re: Foreign Debts and the Theories of Lex Causae and Lex Fori
  • Prescription re: Judgment Debts
  • Prescription re: Labour Proceedings
  • Prescription re: Peregrinus or Non-Residents
  • Prescription re: Statutory Obligations and Proceedings Against the State and State Agents
  • Proof of Service and Manner of Service re: Authority to Effect Process and the Engagement of Reinforcements
  • Proof of Service and Manner of Service re: Authority to Suspend Service of Process
  • Proof of Service and Manner of Service re: Edictal Citation, Substituted Service, Service By Publication & Non-Residents
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Administrative Process & Acknowledgement of Receipt
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Approach
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Contractual Service and the Domicilium Citandi
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Digital or Electronic Service
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Labour Proceedings
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Personal Service Proceedings
  • Proof of Service, Return of Service, Address and Manner of Service re: Proceedings Against the State
  • Res Judicata re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Res Judicata re: Default Judgment or Unopposed Proceedings
  • Res Judicata re: Findings of Fact Made in Previous Litigation or Criminal Proceedings and Doctrine of Stare Decisis
  • Res Judicata re: Interlocutory Orders and Presiding Over the Same Parties on Continuum Issues
  • Res Judicata, Cause of Action Estoppel, Issue Estoppel or Subject Matter Estoppel re: Approach
  • Urgency re: Approach iro Procedural Considerations of Urgency and Questions of Law
  • Urgency re: Approach iro Speculative and Partially Urgent Proceedings
  • Urgency re: Approach iro Time, Consequent and Remedial Alternative Remedies
  • Urgency re: Approach, the Principle of Equality of Treatment & Discretion of the Court to Hear Oral Arguments on Urgency
  • Urgency re: Certificate of Urgency
  • Urgency re: Commercial, Humanitarian, Public Interest and Interests of Minors Considerations
  • Urgency re: Constitutional Rights and Constitutional Proceedings
  • Urgency re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Urgency re: Ex Parte Applications, Proceedings Without Notice and Proceedings Founded Upon Material Non-Disclosures
  • Urgency re: Forum Shopping, Contemptuous, Mala Fide, Ill-Advised, Frivolous and Abuse of Court Process Proceedings
  • Urgency re: Land Reform, Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie Proceedings and Property Disputes
  • Urgency re: Mandatory Interdicts or Mandamus
  • Urgency re: Past Invasion of Rights, Interdict Conflicting With Lawful Conduct, Statutory or Contractual Provisions
• Civil Procedure re: Rules of Court, Condonation and the Discretion of the Court to Depart from the Rules of Court
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Approach iro Non Time-Barred Proceedings
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Approach iro Procedural Considerations
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Approach iro Time-Barred Proceedings ito Systemic Delays
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Approach, Time-Barred Proceedings, Extension of Time and Interests of Justice
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Consequential Effects of Negligent Acts of Legal Practitioners
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Constitutional Proceedings
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Electoral Proceedings
  • Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Labour Proceedings
  • Rules of Court re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits, Reckoning of Time and the Exercise of Procedural Rights
  • Rules of Court re: Approach iro Forms, Practice Directives or Practice Directions
  • Rules of Court re: Approach, Abuse of Court Process, Strict and Substantial Compliance & Pleading of Form over Substance
  • Rules of Court re: Autonomy, Lacunas and the Judicial Interference with Rules of Other Courts
• Civil Procedure re: Rules of Evidence
  • Approach re: Obligation to Disclose All Information or Evidence to the Court iro Claim of Privilege
  • Approach, Language of Record, Open Justice, Discovery, Obligation to Disclose All Information, Suppression & Ambush Tactics
  • Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence and the Right of Cross-Examination or Replication
  • Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence iro Issues Arising from Without Prejudice Proceedings
  • Corroborative Evidence re: Approach iro The Rule Against Narratives or Self-Corroboration
  • Corroborative Evidence re: Approach iro Witness Statements
  • Corroborative Evidence re: Approach, Affidavit of Interest, Uncorroborated or Single Witness Evidence & Evidence Aliunde
  • Corroborative Evidence re: Hostile, Adverse or Recalcitrant Witness and Impeachment Proceedings
  • Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching
  • Direct, Concrete and Circumstantial Evidence, Key or Eye Witness, Inferential Reasoning, Evidence Aliunde and Res Gestae
  • Documentary Evidence re: Caveat Subscriptor Rule and Recorded Intent: Unsigned Documents and Active Intent iro Approach
  • Documentary Evidence re: Caveat Subscriptor Rule iro Annotated Documents
  • Documentary Evidence re: Caveat Subscriptor Rule iro Effect of Representative Signations
  • Documentary Evidence re: Caveat Subscriptor Rule iro Plea of Rectification and Defence of Retraction
  • Documentary Evidence re: Caveat Subscriptor Rule iro Statutory Contracts
  • Documentary Evidence re: Interrogatories
  • Documentary Evidence re: Off the Record Negotiations and the Without Prejudice Rule
  • Documentary Evidence re: Public and Statutory Documents and Judicial Notice of Common Knowledge Information
  • Documentary Evidence re: Questioned Documents
  • Documentary Evidence, Certification, Commissioning, Authentication and the Best Evidence Rule re: Approach
  • Documentary Evidence, Certification, Commissioning, Authentication and the Best Evidence Rule re: Foreign Documentation
  • Documentary Evidence, Certification, Commissioning, Authentication and the Best Evidence Rule re: Parliamentary Proceedings
  • Documentary Evidence, Certification, Commissioning, Authentication and the Best Evidence Rule re: Scientific Evidence
  • Evidence of Identification, Tool Mark Evidence and the Defence of Alibi
  • Evidence of Oath, Evidence Derived from Previous or Concurrent Proceedings iro Administrative or Quasi Judicial Process
  • Evidence of Oath, Evidence Derived from Previous, Concurrent or Criminal Litigation and Submissions from the Bar
  • Evidence of Oath, Evidence Derived from Previous, Concurrent or Criminal Litigation iro Doctrine of Stare Decisis
  • Evidence on Behalf of a Corporate Entity and Institutional Memory
  • Expert Evidence, Opinion Evidence and Toolmark Evidence re: Approach and the Limited Expert Knowledge of the Court
  • Expert Evidence, Opinion Evidence and Toolmark Evidence re: Disclaimers, Qualified Opinions & Opinions Without an Author
  • Expert Evidence, Opinion Evidence and Toolmark Evidence re: Foreign Legislation and Political Reports
  • Expert Evidence, Opinion Evidence and Toolmark Evidence re: Traditional or Indigenous Wisdom
  • Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence & Inferences iro Doctrine of Estoppel ito Principle of Unanimous Consent
  • Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence & Inferences iro Evidentiary Concessions and Conduct Resulting in Estoppel
  • Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence and Inferences iro Approach, Facta Probantia, Probanda & the Pinocchio Theory
  • Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence and Inferences iro Unterminated or Incomplete Proceedings
  • Findings of Fact re: Concessions or Agreements Between Counsel and the Abandonment of Concessions or Agreements
  • Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony iro Candidness with Court, Deceptive, Misleading Evidence & Material Non-Disclosure
  • Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony iro Credibility Assessment & Presumption of Clarity of Events Nearer Event Date
  • Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony iro Unterminated or Incomplete Proceedings
  • Hearsay Evidence, Res Gestae and Informants Not Presenting Corroborative Oral Evidence or Statements on Oath
  • Impossibility of Actus Reus
  • Inadmissible Evidence re: Approach, Illegally or Unlawfully Obtained or Tainted Evidence and the Exclusionary Rule
  • Inadmissible Evidence re: Similar Fact Evidence and the Rule of Relevance
  • Incapacitated and Incapable Witness
  • Inspection in Loco
  • Irrelevant Evidence, Speculative Evidence, Character Evidence, Implausible or Improbable Evidence and Rule of Relevance
  • Onus, Burden & Standard of Proof & Rule that He Who Alleges Must Prove re: Criminal Allegations Raised in Civil Proceedings
  • Onus, Burden & Standard of Proof & Rule that He Who Alleges Must Prove re: Factual and Evidential Admissions
  • Onus, Burden and Standard of Proof and Principle that He Who Alleges Must Prove re: Approach and Positive Claims
  • Onus, Burden and Standard of Proof re: Bare or Unsubstantiated Averment iro Approach, Evidence Aliunde & Reverse Onus
  • Onus, Burden and Standard of Proof re: Bare or Unsubstantiated Averment iro Negative Claim & Principle of Negative Proof
  • Onus, Burden and Standard of Proof re: Constitutional Right to Remain Silent and Reliance on Pleadings on the Record
  • Onus, Burden and Standard of Proof re: Evidential Standard and Burden of Proof iro Factual Issues in Doubt
  • Onus, Burden and Standard of Proof re: Trial Within a Trial and the Assessment of Admissibility of Evidence
  • Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence, Consequential Amendment of Pleadings and Discreditation of Claims
  • Subpoena Ad Testificandum or Witness Summons re: Competent or Compellable Witness, Claim of Privilege & Rule of Relevance
  • Subpoena Ad Testificandum or Witness Summons re: Competent Witness iro Officers of the Court & Judicial Support Staff
  • Subpoena re: Seizure of Physical Evidence for Criminal Proceedings and the Rule of Relevance
  • Subpoena re: Subpoena Duces Tecum or Judicial Order for the Production of Documents and the Rule of Relevance
  • Summary of Evidence and Tendering of Evidence re: Administrative and Quasi Judicial Proceedings
  • Summary of Evidence and Tendering of Evidence re: Application, Motion and Action Proceedings
  • Summary of Evidence and Tendering of Evidence re: Labour Proceedings
• Company Law
  • Company or Business Trade Name Protection and Change of Name
  • Company Secretarial Services
  • Directorship re: Approach, Powers, Boardroom Disputes, Collective Responsibility & Personal Liability for Corporate Debts
  • Domicile re: Nationality, Residence or Identity Status of a Company and the Effect on International Transactions
  • Legal Personality re: Approach, Rule of Separate Legal Existence, Business Trade Names & Fiction of Separate Legal Entity
  • Legal Personality re: Corporate Committees
  • Legal Personality re: Dissolution of a Company, De-registered, Unregistered and Shell Companies
  • Legal Personality re: Group Structures, Related Parties and the Arm's Length Principle
  • Legal Personality re: Lifting Corporate Veil, Personal Liability of Directors, Alter Ego & Fiction of Separate Legal Entity
  • Legal Personality re: Parastatals, Statutory Entity, State Institutions & Government Controlled Special Purpose Vehicles
  • Legal Personality re: Private Special Purpose Vehicles
  • Legal Personality re: Proceedings Involving Companies iro Appearance in Judicial Proceedings & Commercial Transactions
  • Legal Personality re: Proceedings Involving Companies, Citation or Joinder of Executives & Principle of Common Interest
  • Pre-Incorporation Contracts
  • Privatization of Parastatals, Statutory Corporations and Inter-Transfer of Government Institutions
  • Shareholding re: Alienation, Disposal or Transfer of Corporate Assets iro Going Concern Transactions
  • Shareholding re: Allotment, Issue, Equity Transactions, Alienation or Disposal of Corporate Assets and Notifiable Mergers
  • Shareholding re: Minority Shareholders, Derivative Action, Asserting Rights on Behalf of Company & Proper Plaintiff Rule
  • Shareholding re: Shareholder Meetings iro Judicial Meetings
  • Shareholding re: Shareholder Meetings, Notices, Quorums, Passing of Resolutions & Shareholder Rights
  • Turquand Rule or Indoor Management Rule and the Presumption of Regularity re: Parastatals and Statutory Bodies
  • Turquand Rule or Indoor Management Rule, the Presumption of Regularity in Corporate Affairs & the Doctrine of Estoppel
• Company Law re: Co-operative Societies, Trusts, Voluntary and Un-incorporated Associations or Organisations
  • Dissolution
  • Membership Discipline, Misconduct and Penalties
  • Objectives, Vesting of Administrative Powers, Disputes, Derivative Actions and the Proper Plaintiff Rule
  • Registration. Legal Personality and Operational Autonomy of Governance Mechanisms
  • Trust Property, Trust Res or Corpus
• Company Law re: Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment and Affirmative Action
• Company Law re: Partnership Law and Co-Ownership
  • Approach, Partnership Agreement, Joint Ventures, Consortiums and Nature of the Business Relationship
  • Division of Co-Ownership Assets re: Dissolution, Identification, Alienation or Disposal and the Actio Communi Dividundo
  • Effect of Co-ownership Rights
  • Legal Personality
• Competition Law
  • Approach
  • Mergers, Acquisitions and Takeovers
  • Trademarks and Copyrights re: Registration, Loss, Cancellation and Abandonment
  • Unfair Trade Competition, Copyright Infringements, Trademark Infringements, Passing Off and Restraint of Trade
• Constitutional Law
  • Constitutional Application re: Approach iro Amendment, Variation, Rescission and Correction of Judgments
  • Constitutional Application re: Approach iro Expedited Set Down on an Urgent Basis, Default Urgency and Interim Relief
  • Constitutional Application re: Approach iro Interlocutory, Interim or Procedural Proceedings
  • Constitutional Application re: Constitutional Appeal and Leave to Appeal
  • Constitutional Application re: Enforcement of Constitutional Obligations
  • Constitutional Application re: Fundamental Rights iro Approach, Direct Access, Referral, Locus Standi and Jurisdiction
  • Constitutional Application re: Non-Fundamental Rights
  • Constitutional Application re: Subsidiarity, Avoidance, Ripeness and Non-Constitutional Remedies
  • Constitutional Appointments, Body Established by Constitution, Administrative Powers, Corporate Status, Tenure and Misconduct
  • Constitutional Law re: Approach, Rationale of State Constitutions, Principle of Limited Government and the Governing Law
  • Constitutional Law re: Dual Citizenship and Citizenship by Birth, Descent or Registration
  • Constitutional Law re: International Treaties and the Observance of the Pacta Sunt Servanda Principle
  • Constitutional Law re: Legal Age of Majority and the Rule of 18
  • Constitutional Law re: Referendums
  • Constitutional Law re: Separation of Powers, Accountability and Disputes Between the Arms of State
  • Constitutional Rights re: Access to Courts, Legal Literacy, Judicial Independence, Impartiality, Dignity and Competence
  • Constitutional Rights re: Approach iro Limitation or Attenuation of Fundamental Rights iro Waiver of Constitutional Rights
  • Constitutional Rights re: Approach, Scope, Limitation, Attenuation & Justiciability or Enforcement of Fundamental Rights
  • Constitutional Rights re: Arrest, Detention and Security iro Constitutional Obligations of Security Forces & Personnel
  • Constitutional Rights re: Arrest, Detention, Criminal Prosecution, Fair & Speedy Trial iro Permanent Stay and Systemic Delays
  • Constitutional Rights re: Arrest, Detention, Prosecution, Fair Trial Rights, Liberty Rights & Habeas Corpus Proceedings
  • Constitutional Rights re: Association iro Assembly, Freedom to Demonstrate and Petition
  • Constitutional Rights re: Association iro Contractual Rights
  • Constitutional Rights re: Children, Youth, the Upper Guardian of Minors and the Principle of Best Interests of Children
  • Constitutional Rights re: Equal Protection of the Law, Non-Discrimination, Positive Discrimination and Classification
  • Constitutional Rights re: Expression and Dignity
  • Constitutional Rights re: Labour Rights
  • Constitutional Rights re: Legal Representation
  • Constitutional Rights re: Liberty, Torture, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment & Principle of Human Dignity
  • Constitutional Rights re: Life
  • Constitutional Rights re: Marriage Rights, Gender Equality, Parental or Guardianship Rights & Institution of the Family
  • Constitutional Rights re: Movement and Residence
  • Constitutional Rights re: National Objectives
  • Constitutional Rights re: Political Rights, Electoral Rights, Coup d'etat and the Concepts of De Facto and De Jure Control
  • Constitutional Rights re: Privacy
  • Constitutional Rights re: Profession, Trade or Occupation
  • Constitutional Rights re: Property Rights, Compulsory Deprivation, Arbitrary Eviction and the Right to Shelter
  • Constitutional Rights re: Religion and Conscience
  • Constitutional Rights re: Security
  • Constitutional Rights re: Socio-Economic Rights, Societal Values and Norms, Good Governance and Social Trust
  • Constitutional Rights re: Women's Rights
• Constitutional Law re: Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions and Conduct and the Principle of Constitutionalism
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions and Conduct re: Approach iro Transitional Provisions
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions and Conduct re: Approach, Declaration & Presumption of Constitutional Validity
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Banking, Finance and Investment Laws
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Broadcasting Services Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Citizenship of Zimbabwe Act and Immigration Laws
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Civil Evidence Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Common Law Legal Principles
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Communal Land Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Conduct iro Administrative, Parliamentary, Presidential and Judicial
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Constitutional Provisions
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Delegated or Subsidiary Legislation and Statutory Instruments
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Electoral Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Labour Laws
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Land Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Marriage Laws
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Police Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Political Parties (Finance) Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Prescription or Statute of Limitations Statutes
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Prisons Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Private Bills
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Public Order and Security Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Reconstruction of State Indebted Insolvent Companies Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Repealed Legislation and Retrospective Rights and Obligations
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: State Liabilities Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Statutes or Conduct in Breach of Non-Derogable Constitutional Rights
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Taxation Laws
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Traditional Leaders Act
  • Constitutionality of Statutory Provisions re: Urban Councils Act
• Constitutional Law re: Parliamentary Authority, Powers and Proceedings
  • Approach re: Functions of Parliament
  • Clerk of Parliament re: Appointment and Dismissal
  • Enactment of Legislation re: Approach, Bills, Presentation, Passing, Amendment, Assent and Repeal
  • Enactment of Legislation re: Legislative Powers iro Incorporating or Domesticating International Instruments
  • Enactment of Legislation re: Legislative Powers, Limitations to Legislative Powers, Judicial Activism and Rule of Law
  • Enactment of Legislation re: Subordinate Legislation and Government or Executive Notices
  • Enactment of Legislation re: Urgent Statutes
  • Impeachment Proceedings and Vacancy in the Office of the Presidium of the Republic
  • Legal Status of Parliament, Parliamentary Affiliates, Parliamentary Privileges and Vesting of Administrative Powers
  • Misconduct and Discipline of Members of Parliament
  • Parliamentary Rules re: Approach, Peremptory Provisions and the Doctrines of Strict Compliance & Substantial Compliance
  • Speaker of Parliament re: Election, Functions and Powers
  • Term of Office, Membership of Parliament, Principle of Representative Democracy, Dissolution and Extension of Parliament
  • Vacancies in the Membership of Parliament
• Contract Law
  • Approach re: Buy Back Agreement
  • Approach re: Commercial Disputes
  • Approach re: Contract for the Benefit of a Third Party, Stipulatio Alteri & the Ratification or Adoption of Agreements
  • Approach re: Contract of Hire, Letting, Supply of Goods and Services, Service Agreements and Fiscal Considerations
  • Approach re: Memorandum of Understanding and Agreements to Contract in the Future
  • Approach re: Pre-Financing Contracts
  • Approach re: Staggered Performance Contracts or Execution in Stages and Progress Payment Transactions
  • Debt Collection re: Collection Commission and the Simultaneous Claim of Collection Commission & Punitive Costs of Suit
  • Debt Interest re: Contractual, Statutory, Judgment, Quantum Rate of Interest, Mora Interest and Economic Inflationary Trends
  • Debt Interest re: In Duplum Rule
  • Debt Interest re: In Duplum Rule iro Statutory Obligations
  • Debt re: Acknowledgement of Debt iro Assumption of Liability, Negotiorum Gestio, Expromissio & the Concept of Intercessio
  • Debt re: Acknowledgement of Debt or Liquid Document, the Acceptance of Liability and the Claim on Stated Account
  • Debt re: Contractual and Judgment Debt iro Approach ito Civil Imprisonment
  • Debt re: Contractual and Judgment Debt iro Approach, Proof of Claim, Execution and Revalorization
  • Debt re: Contractual and Judgment Debt iro Currency of Account & Conversion of Foreign Currency Transactions and Orders
  • Debt re: Joint and Several Liability
  • Debt re: Quantum Meruit
  • Debt re: Security, Executability of Assets re: Asset Forfeiture and Corruptly Acquired Assets
  • Debt re: Security, Executability of Assets re: State Assets and the Statutory Immunity from Execution
  • Debt re: Security, Executability of Assets, Jus In re Aliena, Parate Executie or Summary Execution & Pactum Commissorium
  • Debt re: Statutory Obligations and Approach to Statutory Defaulters
  • Dispute Resolution re: Approach, Governing Law, Penalty Stipulations and Contractual Consequences of Breach of Contract
  • Dispute Resolution re: Commercial Arbitration iro Approach, Proceedings, Registration and Execution of Arbitral Awards
  • Dispute Resolution re: Commercial Arbitration iro International Disputes
  • Guarantees, Warranties, Representations, Undertakings, Latent Defects, Patent Defects, Defective Performance & Disclaimers
  • Indemnification, Exemption or Exclusionary Clause
  • Option, Reserved Right, Right of First Refusal and the Right of Pre-emption
  • Set-Off, the Doctrine of Compensation or Compensatio re: Approach
  • Set-Off, the Doctrine of Compensation or Compensatio re: Judicial Rights and Obligations
  • Set-Off, the Doctrine of Compensation or Compensatio re: Legal Practitioners Fees
  • Set-Off, the Doctrine of Compensation or Compensatio re: Statutory Obligations
  • Specific Performance re: Approach iro Repudiation and Anticipatory Breach of Contract
  • Specific Performance re: Approach iro Triable Issues
  • Specific Performance re: Approach, Impossibility of Performance and the Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus
  • Specific Performance re: Personal Rights in a Contract iro Judicial Order for the Tender of Purchase Price
  • Specific Performance re: Time of Performance iro Debtors Mora ito Statutory Mora
  • Specific Performance re: Time of Performance iro Debtors Mora, Mora Ex Re, Mora Ex Persona, Interpellatio & Time of Essence
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Approach iro Doctrine Against Benefiting From One's Own Wrongs
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Approach iro Public Contracts
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Approach, Repudiation, Debtors Mora and Effect of Breach of Contract
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Breach of Non-Material Terms and the Doctrine of Severability
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Effluxion of Time
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Illegal Contracts
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Judicial Mora
  • Termination of Contracts and Notice of Cancellation re: Statutory Induced & Intentional Inducement of Contract Breach
  • Unjust Enrichment re: Approach, Colore Officii or Extortion by Colour of Office, Equality and Equity Considerations
  • Unjust Enrichment re: Illegal Contracts, Ex Turpi Causa and In Pari Delicto Rules, Criminal Liability & Just Cause Conduct
  • Variation of Contracts re: Approach and Resolution of Contractual Lacunas
  • Variation of Contracts re: Approach iro Collective Bargaining Agreements
  • Variation of Contracts re: Approach iro Effect on Accessory Debt Security Instruments
  • Variation of Contracts re: Approach iro Statutory Induced Variations
  • Variation of Contracts re: Deed of Settlement iro Waiver and Compromise of Rights to Due Process or Action
  • Variation of Contracts re: Deed of Settlement iro Waiver, Presumption Against Waiver, Tacit Waiver & Pactum de non Petendo
  • Variation of Contracts re: Deed of Settlement, Compromise Agreement iro Assignment, Cession, Novation and Subrogation
  • Variation of Contracts re: Deed of Settlement, Compromise Agreement iro Tender of Settlement and Mitigation of Damages
  • Variation of Contracts re: Deed of Settlement, Compromise Agreement iro Without Prejudice Negotiations
  • Variation of Contracts re: Mutual Exclusivity and Severability of Contractual Provisions and the Blue Pencil Rule
  • Verbal or Oral Agreement, Undocumented Transactions and Unsigned Draft Agreements or Informal Contracts
• Contract Law re: Essential Elements
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Form, Manner and Nature of Contract
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Foundation, Sanctity, Privity, Retrospectivity and Judicial or Statutory Interference
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Privity of Contract ito Consumer Contracts & Common Law Tenets of Natural Justice
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Privity of Contract ito Inter-Related Contracts and Privity Inter Se or Tertia Pars
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Privity of Contract ito Public Contracts
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Capacity to Contract & Presumption that Every Party to a Contract has Full Contractual Capacity
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Capacity to Contract iro Statutory Capacity to Contract
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Condition Precedent, Suspensive Conditions, Fictional Fulfilment & Exceptio Non Adimpleti Contractus
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Contracting with an Insolvent Company or Individual
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Fraud or Fraudum Legis, Duress, Undue Influence and Misrepresentation
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Illegal Contracts, Agreements Contra Bonos Mores and Just Cause Conduct
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Inducements to Contract and the Doctrine of Consideration
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Mistake, Error, Justus Error or Reasonable Mistake, Language of Record and Ignorance of the Law
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Offer and Acceptance, Counter-Offer and the Concept of Vinculum Juris
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Statutory Enforced Contracts
  • Consensus Ad Idem re: Virtual Contracts
  • Intent or Animus Contrahendi re: Deemed, Implied, Tacit, Unsigned Agreements or Informal Contracts
  • Intent or Animus Contrahendi re: Fortuitous or Unforeseen Events
  • Intent or Animus Contrahendi re: Governing Law and Judicial Territorial Jurisdiction iro International Transactions
  • Intent or Animus Contrahendi re: Proprietory, Financial Interest and Nominal Parties
  • Intent or Animus Contrahendi re: Simulated or Disguised Agreements
  • Intent or Animus Contrahendi re: Trade or Past Practices, Parol Evidence Rule, Integration Rule, Rectification & Retraction
  • Intent or Animus Contrahendi re: Trade Practices, Parole Evidence Rule, Integration Rule iro Quasi Judicial Proceedings
• Contract Law re: Lotteries, Gaming and Promotions
• Contract Law re: Purchase and Sale
  • Contract of Sale re: Approach iro Personal Rights in Contract ito Judicial Order for Tender of the Purchase Price
  • Contract of Sale re: Approach, Essential Elements, Merx Not Yet in Existence, Nature and Validity of Contract
  • Contract of Sale re: Conditional, Unconditional, Suspensive Sales and the Officious Bystander Test
  • Contract of Sale re: Contract of Consignment
  • Contract of Sale re: Types of Sales, Third Party Eviction, Possession, Ownership and the Passing of Risk and Title
  • Delivery, Modes of Delivery, Remedies for Non-Delivery and the Actio Empti
  • Purchase Price re: Approach, Terms of Payment, Ad Stipulator and the Actio Venditi
  • Purchase Price re: Fiscal or Taxation Considerations
  • Quotations and Orders
• Contract Law re: Purchase and Sale iro Procurement and Tender
• Damages
  • Damages re: Approach iro Public Claims on the State
  • Damages re: Assessment and Evidence of Damages iro Approach and the Once and For All Rule
  • Damages re: Assessment and Evidence of Damages iro Currency of Account & Conversion of Foreign Currency Valuated Orders
  • Damages re: Assessment and Evidence of Damages iro Proof of Claim and Quantification ito Contributory Negligence
  • Damages re: Assessment and Evidence of Damages iro Proof of Claim and Quantification ito Matrimonial Disputes
  • Damages re: Assessment and Evidence of Damages iro Proof of Claim and Quantification ito Unjust Enrichment Claim
  • Damages re: Assessment and Evidence of Damages iro Proof of Claim, Quantification and Restitutio in Integrum ito Approach
  • Damages re: Contingent Right to Damages
  • Damages re: Contractual Damages iro Illegal Contracts
  • Damages re: Contractual Damages, Damages In Lieu of Specific Performance & Contractual Effects of Breach of Contract
  • Damages re: Currency Nominalism iro Unjust Enrichment and Contractual Claims
  • Damages re: Currency Nominalism, Economic Inflationary Trends and the Revalorization of Damages, Claims or Court Orders
  • Damages re: Holding Over Damages iro Approach
  • Damages re: Holding Over Damages iro Unjust Enrichment Claim
  • Damages re: Insolvency Proceedings
  • Damages re: Labour Proceedings
  • Damages re: Punitive Damages
  • Damages re: Remote Damages
  • Delictual Damages re: Adultery Damages
  • Delictual Damages re: Bodily, Personal Injury and Non-Patrimonial Loss iro Approach
  • Delictual Damages re: Bodily, Personal Injury and Non-Patrimonial Loss iro Emotional or Mental Distress
  • Delictual Damages re: Bodily, Personal Injury and Non-Patrimonial Loss iro Pet Husbandry
  • Delictual Damages re: Defamation, Malicious Prosecution or Detention, Contumelia and the Principle of Ex Aequo Et Bono
  • Delictual Damages re: Malicious Damage or Retention of Property, Leased Premises Defects and Structural Adjustments
  • Delictual Damages re: Patrimonial or Monetary Loss iro Commercial, Pecuniary, Loss of Income or Revenue
  • Delictual Damages re: Patrimonial or Monetary Loss iro Property Loss or Damage
  • Delictual Damages re: Professional Negligence
• Delict Law
  • Adultery
  • Contumelia, Injuria, Assault, Malicious Prosecution, Arrest or Detention, Execution against Property and Actio Injuriarum
  • Defamation re: Approach and the Ipsissima Verba Rule
  • Defamation, Injurious Falsehood, Pleas of Justification, Privilege, Fair Comment and the Right to Freedom of Expression
  • Defamation, Plea of Justification, Fair Comment & Constitutional Right to Freedom of Expression re: Corporate Entities
  • Defamation, Plea of Justification, Fair Comment & Constitutional Right to Freedom of Expression re: Political Defamation
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Approach, Lex Aquilia or Aquilian Actions and the Objective Impossibility Principle
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Contributory Negligence
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Fraud
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Intentional Inducement of Breach of Contract & the Intrusion of Contractual Rights
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Loss Arising from Commercial and Professional Negligence
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Loss Arising from Industrial Accident
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Loss Arising from Road Traffic Accident
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Loss Arising from Road Traffic Accident iro Police Investigations
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Loss Arising from Road Traffic Accident iro Violation of Road Traffic Rules
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Malicious Damage or Retention of Property
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Sexual Harassment, Emotional and Mental Distress
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Vicarious Liability
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Vicarious Liability iro Delicts of Legal Practitioners in the Course and Scope of Duty
  • Liability, Negligence or Dolus re: Voluntary Assumption of Risk or Volenti Non Fit Injuria
• Education Law
  • Enforcement of Discipline, Chastisement or Corporal Punishment
  • Enrolment Contract, Religious Community Schools, Religious Freedom and the Constitutional Right to Education
  • Examinations
  • Fee Structure, Non-Payment of Fees and Debt Collection
  • Political Activities of Educational Institutions, Proselytisation & the Constitutional Right to Freedom of Conscience
  • Student Representative Body
• Electoral Law
  • Approach re: Functions and Powers of Electoral Authority
  • Coup d'etat , De Facto and De Jure Control, Usurping of Power and Political Agreements
  • Diaspora Voters or Citizens Resident in Foreign Countries
  • Electoral Petitions re: Abeyance, Suspension, Extension of Voting Period and the Constitutional Right to an Election
  • Electoral Petitions re: Approach, Form, Manner and Nature of Electoral Proceedings
  • Electoral Petitions re: Conduct of Elections, Principle of Majority Rule and the Presumption of Validity of an Election
  • Electoral Petitions re: Counting, Verification, Collation, the Declaration of Results and Custody of Electoral Residue
  • Electoral Petitions re: Nomination Court and Electoral Court iro Functions, Powers, Proceedings and Tenure of the Bench
  • Electoral Petitions re: Nomination iro Criminal Record, Convicted Candidates and Grounds for Disqualification
  • Incapacitated Voters and the Assistance to Cast their Vote
  • Invalid Votes or Spoilt Ballots
  • Media Coverage
  • Political Party re: Legal Personality
  • Political Party re: Symbols and the Design of Election Ballot Paper
  • Postal Ballots, Special Voters and the Special Voting Process
  • Voter Education and Post-Election Campaigns
  • Voters Roll re: Electoral Boundaries and the Delimitation Exercise
  • Voters Roll, Voter Registration and Removal from Voters Roll
  • Voting Systems
• Energy and Power Law
  • Electrical Energy
  • Licencing, Registration and Accreditation
  • Liquid Fuels
• Environment Law
  • Hazardous Substances and Waste
  • Meteorology
  • Wetlands
• Estate Law re: Approach and Deceased Estates
  • Appointment of Executor, Trustee and Curator re: Approach iro Protection of Minors and Incapacitated Persons Interests
  • Appointment of Executor, Trustee and Curator re: Approach, Scope, Powers and Obligations
  • Appointment of Executor, Trustee and Curator re: Deceased Foreigners and the Recognition of International Appointments
  • Appointment of Executor, Trustee and Curator re: Fees and the Assessment Thereof
  • Appointment of Executor, Trustee and Curator re: Removal , Resignation, Renunciation and Discharge Qua Executor
  • Division of Estate Property re: Alienation or Disposal of Estate Property and the Protection of Beneficiaries Interests
  • Division of Estate Property re: Distribution Account, Inheritance Plan, Objections, Confirmation, Setting Aside & Re-opening
  • Division of Estate Property re: Registration, Composition of Deceased Estate, Creditors Claims and Non-Estate Property
  • Estates of Minors and Incapacitated Persons re: Approach
  • Legal Status of an Estate, Continuation of Proceedings and Execution of Court Orders Granted Prior to Death
  • Rights of Beneficiaries re: Inheritance Ab Intestate and Property Transcending Separate Estates
  • Rights of Beneficiaries re: Intestate Succession iro Approach, Maintenance, Surviving Spouse and Children
  • Rights of Beneficiaries re: Master's Report, the Master of the High Court's Authority and Obligations to Heirs and Minors
  • Rights of Beneficiaries re: Rights to Habitatio, Usufruct Rights and Rights in Contracts
  • Rights of Beneficiaries re: Testate Succession iro Freedom of Testation, Variation of a Will & Adoption of an Invalid Will
• Estate Law re: Insolvency
  • Appointment and Removal of Judicial Manager or Liquidator and Vested Powers re: Financial Institutions
  • Appointment and Removal of Judicial Manager, Liquidator, Corporate Rescue Practitioner and Vested Powers re: Approach
  • Approach re: Fees or Remuneration
  • Approach re: Insolvency
  • Composition of Estate Assets and Non-Estate Property
  • Contracting with an Insolvent Company or Individual and the Voluntary Assumption of Risk
  • Distribution Account, Objections, Setting Aside and Reopening Thereof
  • Judicial Management re: Approach, Confirmation or Discharge of Provisional Judicial Management Order
  • Judicial Management re: Corporate Reconstruction and the Reconstruction Order
  • Judicial Management re: Corporate Rescue or Business Rescue
  • Liquidation or Winding Up re: Approach, Confirmation or Discharge of Provisional Order & Rescission of a Liquidation Order
  • Liquidation or Winding Up re: Co-operative Societies, Trusts, Voluntary and Un-incorporated Associations or Organisations
  • Liquidation or Winding Up re: Damages
  • Liquidation or Winding Up re: Distribution, Alienation or Disposal of Assets and the Concept of Concursus Creditorum
  • Proceedings Involving Insolvent Entities and the Procedure As To Extant Judicial Process re: Approach
  • Proceedings Involving Insolvent Entities and the Procedure As To Extant Litigation re: Foreign Insolvent Companies
  • Sequestration
• Exhumation Law
• Extradition Law and the Principle of Non-Refoulement
• Family Law
  • Approach re: Interim or De Facto Control of Assets of the Spouses, Custody and Maintenance
  • Approach re: Marriage Categories and the Effect of Classification of Marriages
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Incapacitated Adults and Perpetual Minors
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Majority Status Children
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Minors iro Approach, the Upper Guardian of Minors and Best Interests of Children
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Minors iro Children Born out of Wedlock, Parents on Separation & Customary Law Unions
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Minors iro Retention or Removal From a Domestic or International Jurisdiction
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Minors iro Surrogacy Agreements
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Minors iro Third Party Custodians
  • Custody, Guardianship and Access re: Minors iro Variation of Custody Order
  • Decree of Divorce re: Civil Rites Marriage iro Validity of a Subsequent Civil Marriage consummated by Divorced Parties
  • Decree of Divorce re: Civil Rites or Solemnized Marriage iro Approach, the Fault Principle and Triable Issues
  • Decree of Divorce re: Contribution Towards a Spouse's Costs of Suit in Divorce Proceedings
  • Decree of Divorce re: Customary Law Union
  • Decree of Divorce re: Customary Law Union iro Arrear Lobola and the Customary Law Approach to Infidelity
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Antenuptial Contracts
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Approach, Clean Break Principle & Maintenance of the Status Quo Stante Matrimonii
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Claim of Custodian Parent to Reside in the Marital Home and Usufruct Rights
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Cohabitation and Customary Law Union
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Cohabitation and Customary Law Union iro Putative Marriage
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Direct and Indirect Contributions iro Approach and Principle of Jus in re Propria
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Direct and Indirect Contributions iro Commercial Enterprises & Alter Ego Principle
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Direct and Indirect Contributions iro Marital Misconduct and the Fault Principle
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Encumbered Property and Rights in Contracts
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Monetary Debts, Doctrine of Providing Neccessaries to Spouse & the Duty of Support
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Non-Matrimonial Property and the Composition of the Distributable Estate
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Prejudicial Disposal or Alienation of Marital Assets iro Antenuptial Contracts
  • Division of Assets of the Spouses re: Prejudicial Disposal, Alienation or Concealment of Assets & Marital Property Regime
  • Domestic Violence re: Approach and the Peace Order
  • Domestic Violence re: Juvenile Corporal Punishment, Enforcement of Discipline or Chastisement
  • Maintenance re: Approach, Disclosure of Income and Expenditure and the Judicial Inquiry into Ability to Pay
  • Maintenance re: Majority Status Children, Perpetual Minors and the Perpetual Dependence Syndrome
  • Maintenance re: Minors
  • Maintenance re: Minors iro Step-Children and the Obligations of Step-Parents
  • Maintenance re: Spousal or Post Divorce Maintenance, the Perpetual Dependence Syndrome and Maintenance Pendente Lite
  • Maintenance re: Spousal or Post-Divorce Maintenance iro Gross Marital Misconduct and the Fault Principle
  • Maintenance re: Variation, Suspension, Extension, Discharge or Rescission of a Maintenance Order and Arrear Maintenance
  • Paternity, Maternity, Adoption of Children and the Passing Off of Children re: Approach and Effect of Adopting
  • Paternity, Maternity, Adoption of Children and the Passing Off of Children re: Change of Name
• Immigration Law
  • Domicile re: Habitual Residence and the Effect on Contracts Entered into by Citizens in the Diaspora
  • Dual Citizenship and Citizenship by Birth, Descent or Registration
  • Entry into the Country, Prohibited Persons and Immigration Detention
  • Permanent Residence
• Insurance Law
  • Approach, Broking or Agency, Cover, Statutory Policies, Liability for Premiums, Claims and the Principle of Uberrima Fides
• International Law
  • International Law re: Access to Courts, Judicial Independence, Impartiality, Conduct and Tenure
  • International Law re: Approach, Incorporating or Domesticating International Instruments and Common Law
  • International Law re: Arbitration Proceedings
  • International Law re: Association and Assembly
  • International Law re: Children's Rights
  • International Law re: Commercial Carriage
  • International Law re: Copyright, Trademark Infringements and Passing Off
  • International Law re: Currency Nominalism
  • International Law re: Environment
  • International Law re: Equal Protection of the Law, Non-Discrimination, Positive Discrimination and Classification
  • International Law re: Expression, Conscience and Religious Rights
  • International Law re: Fair Trial Rights
  • International Law re: International Customary Law
  • International Law re: Labour Relations and Socio-Economic Rights
  • International Law re: Marriage Rights, Gender Equality and Parental or Guardianship Rights
  • International Law re: Mergers, Aquisitions and Takeovers
  • International Law re: Political Rights
  • International Law re: Property Rights and the Rights to Shelter
  • International Law re: Societal Values and Norms
  • International Law re: Sovereign Immunity and the Doctrines of Absolute, Restrictive and Functional Immunity
  • International Law re: Statute of Limitation Statutes
  • International Law re: Torture, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment, Human Rights, Extradition & the Principle of Non-Refoulement
  • International Law re: Women's Rights
• Labour, Retirement and Pensions Law
  • Arbitration re: Approach iro Registration and Execution of Labour Court Judgments
  • Arbitration re: Approach, Proceedings Before an Arbitrator and Registration and Execution of Arbitral Awards
  • Arbitration re: Conciliation re: Proceedings Before a Designated Agent
  • Arbitration re: Conciliation re: Proceedings Before a Labour Officer, Confirmation & Registration of Labour Officer Rulings
  • Arbitration re: Direct Access to the Labour Court
  • Collective Bargaining Agreements and the Enforcement of Contractual Rights and Obligations Flowing Therefrom
  • Collective Job Action or Labour Strike, Disputes of Interest and Right or Negotiable and Non-Negotiable Disputes
  • Collective Job Action or Labour Strike, Disputes of Interest and Right re: Public Office
  • Discipline re: Authorities Exempt from Labour Act and Immunity from Disciplinary Action
  • Discipline re: Damages in Lieu of Reinstatement and Reinstatement Orders iro Approach
  • Discipline re: Damages in Lieu of Reinstatement and Reinstatement Orders iro Contractual Status of Employee
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Approach ito Procedural Irregularities & Resolving Matters on Technicalities
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Approach ito Record of Proceedings
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Approach, Appeal and Review of Misconduct Proceedings
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Charge Sheet, Complainant, Unsubstantiated Allegation & Presumption of Innocence
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Concurrent Criminal and Civil Proceedings & Waiver of Misconduct Proceedings
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Conduct Inconsistent With Express or Implied Conditions of Employment Contract
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Conduct Inconsistent with Public Office
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Hearing Panel, Verdict, Incapacitation and Disagreements of Presiding Officers
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Legal Effect of Suspension from Duty
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Misconduct Outside the Workplace and Misdeeds During a Contractual Lacuna
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Misconduct Proceedings Held in Absentia or Default of Appearance
  • Discipline re: Disciplinary Hearings iro Multiple Accused, Common Purpose, Co-perpetrators and Guilt By Association
  • Employment Contract re: Approach iro Public Office
  • Employment Contract re: Approach, Pre-employment Formalities and Implied, Inferred, Explicit and Statutory Conditions
  • Employment Contract re: Contractual and Terminal Benefits iro Fiscal Obligations
  • Employment Contract re: Contractual and Terminal Benefits, Vested Rights of Ex-Employees & Retention of Company Property
  • Employment Contract re: Engagement of Serving Members of the Security Services in Civilian Institutions
  • Employment Contract re: Fixed Term Contracts, Casualisation of Labour and Tacit Relocation or Tacit Renewal
  • Employment Contract re: Forced Labour
  • Employment Contract re: International Organisations
  • Employment Contract re: Oath of Secrecy, Access and Disclosure of Confidential Information and the Breach of Trust
  • Employment Contract re: Religious Community Entities
  • Employment Contract re: Termination iro Approach
  • Employment Contract re: Termination iro Constructive Dismissal
  • Employment Contract re: Termination iro Proceedings under a Code of Conduct
  • Employment Contract re: Termination iro Retirement and the Extension of Retirement Age
  • Employment Contract re: Termination iro Retrenchment and Severance Agreements
  • Employment Contract re: Termination iro Termination on Notice, Summary and Mutual Termination, Resignation & Repudiation
  • Employment Contract re: Transfer or Secondment of Employees iro Acting Role, Interim Contractual Lacuna & Quantum Meruit
  • Employment Contract re: Transfer or Secondment of Employees iro Employee Conveyance Agreements Between Companies
  • Employment Contract re: Transfer or Secondment of Employees iro Public Office
  • Employment Contract re: Transfer or Secondment of Employees, Variation of Conditions of Service & Disguised Retrenchments
  • Legitimate Expectation
  • Sick Leave, Retirement on Medical Grounds and Termination of Employment Contract on Grounds of Incapacity
  • Unfair Labour Practices and the Constitutional Right to Fair Labour Practices re: Approach
  • Unfair Labour Practices and the Constitutional Right to Fair Labour Practices re: Sexual Harassment
  • Workers Committee, Trade Unions, Union Membership, Legal Representation and Obligations of Workers Representatives
  • Workers Committee, Trade Unions, Union Membership, Legal Representation re: Public Office
• Local Authorities Law
  • Appointment and Discipline of Senior Local Authority Officials
  • Appointment and Removal of Mayor, Deputy Mayor and the Suspension and Dismissal of Councillors
  • Disease Control and Animal Control
  • Functions, Powers, Meetings and Extent of Institutional Resolutions
  • Land Development, Change of Use of Land, Housing Co-operatives, Informal or Illegal Settlements and Regularization
  • Licencing re: Approach, Seizure and Forfeiture
  • Provincial and Metropolitan Councils, Devolution, Autonomy, Delegated Authority and Good Governance
  • Special Interest Councillors
  • Title to Land, Rights to Minerals, Powers of Repossession re: Servitudes
  • Title to Land, Rights to Minerals, Powers of Repossession, Imposition of Taxes, Impounding, Expropriation and Disposition
  • Tollgates re: Location of Tolling Points
• Mining Law
• Property Law
  • Double Sales or Competing Claims, Self-Hep and the Assessment of Bona Fides and Dominant Rights
  • Lease Agreements re: Agreement of Lease with a Local Authority and the Registration, Sale and Cession of Rights
  • Lease Agreements re: Approach and Essential Elements iro Long Lease or Lease in Longum Tempus and Development Lease
  • Lease Agreements re: Approach and Essential Elements iro Occupational Lease
  • Lease Agreements re: Damages, Removal, Maintenance, Improvements, Negotiorum Gestio and Ownership of Fixtures
  • Lease Agreements re: Landlord's Tacit Hypothec or Landlords Lien
  • Lease Agreements re: Lease to Buy Agreement and Lease With an Option to Purchase
  • Lease Agreements re: Provision for Security Services on Leased Premises
  • Lease Agreements re: Termination iro Hire Takes Precedence Over Sale Concept & Death or Dissolution of Lessor or Lessee
  • Lease Agreements re: Termination, Notice of Termination & the Exceptio Doli Mali iro Lessee Eviction & Incidental Possessors
  • Lease Agreements re: Termination, Notice of Termination and the Exceptio Doli Mali iro Sub-Lessee Eviction
  • Lease re: Rent Regulations iro Approach, Exempt Entities, Exempt Locations and Matters of Procedure
  • Lease re: Rent Regulations iro Commitment, Goodwill and Lease Preference Fees
  • Lease re: Rent Regulations iro Statutory Tenant, Sitting Tenant, Tacit Relocation and Express and Tacit Renewal
  • Passing of Ownership and Proof of Title re: Donation Transfer & the Revocation of Donatio Inter Vivos & Stante Matrimonio
  • Passing of Ownership and Proof of Title re: Lease to Buy, Lease With an Option to Purchase and Township or High Density Suburbs
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Approach, Registration of Title and Deeds or Title Search
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Implied Lawful Right of Ownership
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Incorporeal Property
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Instalment Sale of Land
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Precedence of Mineral & Environmental Rights Over Ownership
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Replacement Title Deed
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Rural, Communal and Urban State or Public Land
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Sale of Mortgaged Property
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Stipulatio Alteri
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Subdivision, Consolidation, Servitude and Land Development
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and the Principle that Possession Raises a Presumption of Ownership re: Movables
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title, Personal Rights and Cancellation or Diminution of Tenure re: Voluntary Groups
  • Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title, Personal Rights, Cancellation, Diminution or Interference with Tenure re: Immovables
  • Res Litigiosa, Caveats, Anti-Dissipation Interdict and Disposal of Encumbered Property re: Quasi Judicial Process
  • Res Litigiosa, Caveats, Anti-Dissipation Interdict and Liability for Disposal of Judicially Encumbered Property
  • Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie re: Approach iro Impossibility of Actus Reus
  • Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie re: Approach, Abandonment, Arbitrary Eviction and Self Help
  • Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie re: Conferred Possessory Rights and Right of Access Contracts
  • Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie re: Human Beings or Living Persons
  • Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie re: Incorporeal Rights
  • Spoliation or Mandament van Spolie re: Matrimonial Dispute
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Approach iro Equity Relief
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Approach, Ownership Rights iro Statutory Obligations
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Approach, Ownership Rights, Claim of Right, Estoppel and Lien
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Claim of Retention or Lien Pending Compensation and Negotiorum Gestio
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Matrimonial Dispute
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Pecuniary or Monetary Assets, Animals and Movables
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Possessory Rights
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Possessory Rights iro Claim for Return of Seized Assets & Anton Piller Order
  • Vindicatory Action or Rei Vindicatio re: Res Litigiosa or Alienated Disputed Assets
• Property Law re: Land Acquisition or Expropriation
  • Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Commercial Farmland and the Certificate of No Present Interest
  • Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Communal Land
  • Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Farm Employees Affected by Compulsory Acquisition
  • Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Farm Equipment, Farm Material & Right to Compensation for Improvements
  • Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Investment Protection Treaties
  • Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Plantation Crops
  • Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Urban Development and Settlement
  • Land Acquisition re: Eviction, Offer Letters and the Lawful Authority to Occupy Gazetted Land
  • Land Acquisition re: Legality of the Land Reform Programme
  • Land Acquisition re: Rationale or Policy Underpinning the Land Reform Programme
  • Land Acquisition re: Resettlement, Operational Challenges of the Land Reform Programme and Proxy Farming
• Socio-Economic Law, Good Governance and Social Trust
• Tax Law
  • Approach re: Advance Tax Rulings, Tax Directives, Rectification of Mistakes of Law and the Doctrine of Estoppel
  • Approach re: Fiscal Assessments iro Form, Nature, Basis, Substance and Validity
  • Approach re: Fiscal Obligations iro Currency of Account
  • Approach re: Functions & Powers of Revenue Authority, Fiscal Appeals or Objections & the Pay Now Argue Later Principle
  • Capital Gains Tax, Stamp Duty and Transfer Costs
  • Contingent Liabilities
  • Customs and Excise Duty re: Container Depots
  • Customs and Excise Duty re: Identity of Importer, Ownership, Classification, Valuation of Goods & Calculation and Payment
  • Customs and Excise Duty re: Losses Incurred in the Manufacturing Process on Licenced Premises
  • Customs and Excise Duty re: Post Importation Clearance Audit and the Doctrine of Pactum de non Petendo
  • Customs and Excise Duty, Smuggling and Unlawful Import and Export of Goods re: Impound, Embargo, Seizure and Forfeiture
  • Debt Interest re: In Duplum Rule iro Tax Obligation
  • Garnishee Order and Representative Taxpayers
  • Immigrants or Returning Residents Rebate
  • Penalties and Interest
  • Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, Tax Defaulters and the Tax Amnesty
  • Taxable Income and Tax Deductions re: Approach
  • Taxable Income and Tax Deductions re: Notional Income
  • Temporary Exports
  • Value Added Tax
  • Withholding Tax
• Tourism, Parks and Wildlife Management Law
• Traditional Leadership Law
  • Functions, Status, Role and Political Activities of Traditional Leaders
  • Nomination, Appointment, Misconduct, Suspension and the Removal of Traditional Leaders
  • Rights of Use, Occupation and Title to Land
  • Traditional Tribunals, Customs and Practices
• Transport, Roads Management and Commercial Storage Law
  • Air, Land, Sea Carriage and Commercial Storage
  • Transport re: Tollgates and Vehicle Licencing