BERE J: On 27
July 2010 and in case number HC 5120/10 the same applicants in this matter
filed an urgent chamber application seeking to have execution stayed pending
the determination of an application for rescission of judgment issued against
them in case number HC 271/10. Counsel representing the applicants had
submitted before my brother judge PATEL J that the filing of the urgent chamber
application had been preceded by the filing in this same court of an
application for rescission of judgment.
As
it turned out and contrary to the submissions made by counsel no application
for rescission of judgment had been filed in this court. On 29 July 2010 Patel
J then granted the following order:-
“1. The application is withdrawn and is
accordingly removed from the roll.
2.
First
and second applicants shall pay the first and second respondents' wasted costs
on the ordinary scale”.
The application before me is exactly
the same application that was brought before Patel
J the notable difference being that
now the applicants have been able to file an application for the rescission of
judgment granted against them. The interim relief sought is meant to suspend
execution pending the determination of the application for rescission of
judgment.
The other notable difference is that
the initial urgent application was being handled by a Mr Nyamadzawo, a legal
practitioner from Messrs, Mutamangira & Associates Legal Practitioners and
now before me but from the same law firm is Mr T Moyo.
Mr Moyo who appeared before me was at pains to convince the court that
when his colleague Mr Nyamadzawo appeared before PATEL J, he had merely stated
that the application for rescission of judgment was in the process of being
filed when the urgent chamber application to stay execution was being heard
before PATEL J. I do not accept this argument as it is inconsistent with the
averments made in the summary made by Messrs Mutamangira & Associates when
they stated in their application that:
“4. The applicants have filed an application
for rescission of judgment and seek a provisional order staying the execution
of the writ of ejectment”.
Clearly Mr Moyo's submissions in this regard were coloured by mala fide. I will come back to deal with
this issue later in my judgment.
In the urgent application before me
the respondent's counsel Mr C Nyika
raised basically two points in limine
which he argued were capable of resolving the issues before going into the
merits of this matter.
Counsel's first contention was that
it was not competent for a Mr Itai Ndudzo a practicing lawyer with Messrs
Mutamangira and Associates to have filed the certificate of urgency in support
of the urgent chamber application filed by his law firm. In raising this issue
counsel was leaning on the ratio formulated by my brother judge, CHEDA J in Chafanza's
case where he expressed the view that it is not
competent “for a legal practitioner to either attest to an affidavit or sign
an urgent certificate for and on behalf of a client who is being
represented at his firm as such lawyer clearly has an interest in the matter”
my emphasis.
The second point raised by Mr C Nyika was that the writ which the
applicants had
sought to be stayed had already been
executed and that any order for stay would amount to a brutum fulmen.
I
propose to deal with the issues raised in the order they were raised.
THE
ALLEGED DEFECT IN THE CERTIFICATE OF URGENCY
It
is clear that in raising the alleged defect in the certificate of urgency
counsel for the respondents was being guided by the ratio in Chafanza's case (supra) and many other decisions from
this court which felt bound by the decision in that case.
It
will be noted that there has been a divergent of opinion in this court as
regards the decision in Chafanza's case. Basically two schools of thought have
emerged. Some Judges of this court feel very strongly that the decision in
Chafanza's case was a majority decision by two Judges of this court and
therefore binds single Judges of this court. In this regard KUDYA J remarked as
follows:-
“The case of Chafanza was made by a
panel of two judges of concurrent jurisdiction with me. In line with the
principle of stare decisis, a single
judge is bound by the determination made by a panel of two or more judges of
concurrent jurisdiction. To comply with the rules of court as interpreted in
Chafanza's case, the Attorney General should have utilized the services of a
legal practitioner from outside his office to certify the certificate of
urgency. Mr Mutangadura has failed to persuade me to depart from the ratio decidendi in Chifanza's case.
Being the deponent in the founding affidavit he basically raised a certificate
of urgency for himself. His actions were improper and in direct conflict with
the principle set out in Chafanza's case”
.
PATEL
J in African Consolidated Resources PLC & Ors
adopted a slightly different approach from KUDYA J. The learned judge
acknowledged that the certificate of urgency before him was improper and
undesirable but nevertheless held it was not fatally defective. PATEL J appears
to have adopted a more cautious approach in following the ratio in Chafanza's
case.
-
In contrast, CHATUKUTA J adopted a completely different approach in the
case of Route Toute BV's
case when she ruled that she was not bound by the decision in Chafanza's case.
The learned Judge reasoned inter alia
as follows:
“Rule 242(2) simply prescribes that
where an applicant is legally represented in an urgent chamber application, the
application must be accompanied by a certificate from a legal practitioner
supporting the urgency of the application,
… the decision in the Chafanza case is not binding….” (my emphasis)
With
due deference to my brother KUDYA J I hold a different view of the Chafanza
case and my conviction is that that case is not a majority decision. I am more
inclined to concur with the position adopted by CHATUKUTA J for the reasons
which I will hereunder expand on.
WAS
THE DECISION IN CHAFANZA A MAJORITY DECISION?
On
the face of it, it would seem that the Chafanza decision was a majority
decision because of the indication on the face of the judgment that NDOU J
concurred with CHEDA J.
However,
a closer look at the judgment shows that this was an urgent chamber application
which CHEDA J had the privilege of hearing as a single sitting judge of this
court. The head-note of this case as reported makes this position beyond
reproach. There is no indication or suggestion that NDOU J sat with CHEDA J in
hearing this urgent application. If my observation is correct (which I am
certain it is) it may not have been proper for NDOU J to have concurred with
CHEDA J in a case which he did not sit. It is imperative that in a civil matter
before a judge can enjoy the privilege of concurring with or dissenting from
the decision of a fellow judge of concurrent jurisdiction, that judge must have
sat together with the other judge in the hearing of the matter.
This
situation is different from criminal reviews where judges are statutorily
empowered to review matters, sitting as single judges, if need be write review
judgments and then seek the views of another judge of concurrent jurisdiction.
This approach in criminal matters is specifically provided for in terms of the
High Court Act, and so is the approach in handling civil matters.
In
as far as the adjudication of civil matters is concerned the relevant section
of the High Court Act itself provides as follows;
“3 Composition of the High Court
Subject to section four, the High
Court shall be duly constituted-
(a)
for
the purpose of exercising its original jurisdiction in any civil matter,
if it consists of one or more judges of the High Court;
(b)
……..
(c)
……..
(d)
…….
4. Decision of High Court
(1)
When more than two judges of the High Court are sitting together
the decision of
the majority shall be the decision of
the High Court”
(my emphasis)
It is quite clear to me that in
order to bring about a majority decision in the Chafanza
case the two judges of the High
Court must have sat together to hear the matter. Only then would their decision
have constituted a majority decision.
There
is also another aspect to this case that seems to confirm that CHEDA J did sit
alone in the hearing of this case. Rule 244 reads as follows:-
“244. Where a chamber application is
accompanied by a certificate from a legal practitioner in terms of para (b) of
subrule (2) of r 242 to the effect that the matter is urgent, giving reasons
for its urgency, the registrar shall immediately submit it to a judge who
shall consider the papers forthwith.
Provided that, before granting or
refusing the order sought, the judge may direct that any interested person
be invited to make representations in such manner and within such time as the
judge may direct, as to whether the application should be treated as urgent”
(my emphasis).
It
is not accidental that both the cited rule and its proviso specifically refer
to a judge. This is consistent with the common practice in the High Court that
urgent applications are normally handled by single sitting judges.
If
one would want to depart from the established practice and invite another judge
of the High Court to sit with him/her in hearing an urgent chamber application
one can safely do so, but this would be in extremely rare situations. However,
there is no indication that this is what happened in the Chafanza case. Really,
the non-sitting of NDOU J in hearing the Chafanza's case cannot and should not
be a subject of speculation. It is clear that the judge did not have the
privilege of sitting in this matter.
If
this argument is accepted (which I am convinced it should be) then the decision
in Chafanza cannot by any stretch of imagination be regarded as a majority
decision. It remains the decision of that of a single sitting judge and as such
assumes its persuasive value and not a binding one. Logically it should follow
that the debate on the certificate of urgency and its form has not been sealed
by the decision in Chafanza's case. The debate remains open and must be further
broadened or opened up.
CAN A LEGAL PRACTITIONER SIGN A
CERTIFICATE OF URGENCY FOR AND ON BEHALF OF APPLICANT WHO IS REPRESENTED BY HIS
LAW FIRM?
I have already highlighted on the
divergence of opinion in this court on this issue. It is not my intention to
re-visit the conflicting views but to expand on the debate which has been
triggered by the position adopted by CHEDA J in Chafanza's case.
Suffice
it to say that the decision by CHEDA J appears to have been largely influenced
by the cases of Smith v Hannock (1894) 2 C & D 377 (CA); Pretoria Bill Posting Co. v Hess 1911
TPD 360 and S V Rolomane 1971(4) SA
100(E) which cases I will briefly comment on hereunder.
My
brother judge CHEDA J summed up his position in the following:
“To my mind, it is totally
undesirable for a legal practitioner to either attest to an affidavit or sign
an urgent certificate for and on behalf of a client who is being represented at
his firm as such lawyer clearly has an interest in the matter at hand”
.
There
can be no doubt about the noble intentions which motivated CHEDA J to formulate
the ratio in Chafanza's case but in my view and with extreme due deference to
the learned judge he may have missed the mischief that was intended by r 242
which created the need to file a certificate of urgency in an urgent
application where one is legally represented.
The
relevant rule is couched as follows:
“242(2)
Where an applicant has not served a
chamber application on another party because he reasonably believes one or more
of the matters referred to in paras (a) to (e) subrule (1)-
(a)
he
shall set out the grounds for his belief fully in his affidavit; and
(b)
unless
the applicant is not legally represented, the application shall be accompanied
by a certificate from a legal practitioner setting out, with reasons his
belief that the matter is uncontentious, likely to attract perverse conduct or
urgent for one or more of the reasons set out in paras (a), (b), (c), (d) or
(e) of subrule (1)
(my emphasis)
Rule 244 deals with a judge who has
to deal with an urgent chamber application and its
proviso is worded as follows:
“Provided that, before granting or
refusing the judge may direct that any interested person be invited to make
representations, in such: manner and within such time as the judge may direct,
as to whether the application should be treated as urgent”.
What
is clear from r 242(2) is that it is competent for an unrepresented applicant
to file an urgent application without a certificate of urgency. Such an
application will be regarded as a complete application.
The
need for a certificate of urgency only arises where the applicant is legally
represented in which case r 242(2) would then require that the urgent chamber
application be accompanied by a “certificate from a legal practitioner setting
out, with reasons, his belief that the matter is uncontentious, likely to
attract perverse conduct or urgent……”
To
my mind r 242(2) does not in any way prescribe that a legal practitioner who signs
an urgent certificate must not be from the same law firm representing the
applicant. Rule 242(2) is very clear in its wording and it requires no
complicated interpretation. If it was intended that a legal practitioner other
than the one from the law firm representing the applicant prepares the
certificate of urgency the rule would have specifically stated so. For practical considerations I am more
inclined to take the debate further and say that r 242 actually envisaged a
situation where the same legal practitioner representing the applicant is
expected to file the certificate of urgency in support of the applicant's case
I say so because when a legal practitioner is given instructions by his/her
client invariably it is the same legal practitioner who decides whether or not
the matter is uncontentious, whether or not the matter is likely to attract
perverse conduct or whether or not the matter should be heard on urgent basis.
The assumption must be that the legal practitioner is the one who prepares the
court papers and is therefore better positioned to do an evaluation of his
client's case and objectively give the court his honesty and professional view
as regards what r 242(2) envisages. This heavy responsibility cannot be left to
a legal practitioner who is a total stranger to the applicant and the
application. The rigors of private practice and the urgency of the matter do
not in my view seem to encourage forum shopping for another legal practitioner
with no interest in the matter to be able to properly satisfy the provisions of
r 242.
I
use the word “interest” with guarded caution. It is fair to say that every
legal practitioner has an interest in the matter that he handles but I think it
may be an exaggeration to suggest that in handling that matter the legal
practitioner ceases to be oblivious of both his professional and ethical duty
to the court.
It
is my view that when these courts deal with legal practitioners we must operate
on the assumption that such legal practitioners are fully aware of their concomitant
duty to both the court and their clients. We must regard them as fully fledged
professionals and officers or servants of the court. But this does not mean we
have to blindly accept whatever they say. There will be occasions when the
court has to deal with errant legal practitioners and I think our system has
sufficient safeguards to deal with such practitioners.
Rule
242 is clear that with or without a certificate of urgency certifying the
matter to be urgent, the presiding judge remains seized with the matter to the
extent that the court is enjoined to determine the question of urgency. I am
unable to comprehend how the court can be prejudiced by a certificate of
urgency either from the same legal practitioner representing the applicant or
from a fellow practitioner from the same law firm. In Lucas and Others v Solusi
University I remarked
as follows:-
“As is the practice in applications
of this nature, it will be noted that the present application is accompanied by
a certificate of urgency duly signed by a qualified legal practitioner. I must
however add caution and say that the mere fact that there is such a certificate
does not necessarily mean that the court must make a finding that the matter is
urgent. The certificate of urgency must not be religiously accepted but is
merely meant to assist the court in the exercise of its discretion in
determining whether or not the matter is urgent”
As
far as I am concerned, a certificate of urgency done by a legal practitioner
representing the client or by a legal practitioner from the same law firm does
not in any way take away the court's discretion in determining the question of
urgency. If anything the court is better of with that kind of certificate as
opposed to being guided by a legal practitioner from a different law firm who
is either not connected with the case or may have been overwhelmed by the voluminous nature of the
application and therefore ends up blindly preparing or merely signing a
certificate of urgency because he has been requested to do so by a fellow legal
practitioner.
I
have had the privilege of acquainting myself with the cases which influenced my
brother judge CHEDA J's decision in Chafanza's case. The cases of Pretoria Bill Resting Co. v Hess
and Smith v Hannock
were cases where the courts were pre-occupied with enforcing contracts in
restraint of trade. What the courts had to determine was whether the defendants
were “interested in” the businesses they had disposed of to the extent that the
new owners of the business enterprises could be said to have been prejudiced by
the conduct of the defendants. It is open for debate whether these authorities
would be of relevance to the issue of a certificate of urgency as provided for
in r 242.
In
S v Rolomanethe
court was called upon to determine the admissibility or otherwise in evidence
of an affidavit which had been commissioned by an officer who was alleged to
lack the necessary qualification in his attestation of he affidavit. The ratio
in that case was that “…… the courts require for the admissibility of
affidavits tendered in evidence that they be attested by a commissioner of
oaths who is impartial, unbiased and independent in relation to the subject-matter
of those affidavit”.
There
is no doubt that this is a sound legal principle in so far as it applies to
affidavits. It is however doubtful if this same principle could be extended to
a certificate of urgency as currently provided for in our r 242 which in my
view is very clear in its requirements.
My
very strong view as highlighted is that this principle of law, sound as it is
cannot override a specific provision in our rules particularly where the rule
itself has gone further to provide sufficient safeguards by giving the
presiding judge the power to either confirm or dismiss the urgency of the
matter irrespective of the existence of a certificate of urgency.
Secondly,
the view that I take is that a legal practitioner who is representing an applicant
in an urgent application is better positioned to prepare a certificate of
urgency as opposed to any other legal practitioner who has not been favoured
with direct instructions from the applicant. A legal practitioner representing
an applicant is in a better position to be of greater assistance to the court
because he is familiar with the case. The question of bias or exaggerated
interest, if ever it arises will be taken care of by the presiding judge in
accordance with r 244. In coming to this conclusion I am among other things
motivated by the fact that generally there is no legal practitioner worth his
salt who would knowingly and intentionally conduct himself in such a way as to
deliberately mislead the court particularly when he is fully aware that at the
end of the day the discretion to confirm or decline urgency remains the
prerogative of the court. As I earlier on stated there will be occasions when
some legal practitioners will overstep but, again, our system has sufficient
safeguards to deal with such a scenario.
Coming
to the case before me, I am satisfied that there was nothing improper about
Itai Ndudzo filing a certificate of urgency to certify the urgency of a matter
which was being handled by his law firm. In my view this is what it should be. In
fact it appears to me such a certificate is a better and a more informative
document if prepared by the applicant's counsel. The point of objection raised in limine in this regard is not
sustainable. I will later in this judgment come back to deal with whether or
not this matter is urgent.
THE
TIMING OF THE INSTANT CASE
Counsel
for the respondents took issue with the timing of filing this application.
Counsel reasoned that the writ which the applicants sought to be stayed had
already been executed by the time the urgent application was filed and that it
was procedurally improper to do so.
For
some reason counsel for the applicants passionately argued to the contrary.
Counsel's view was that no execution had been effected by the time the urgent application
for stay was filed in this court on 29 July 2010.
The
documentary evidence placed before this court clearly shows that execution in
this case which entailed the ejectment of the now applicants was effected by
the Deputy Sheriff, Chipinge on 27 July 2010 at 11:25 hrs. The urgent chamber
application to stay execution was filed two days later, that is, on 29 July
2010.
Execution
of judgment is a natural consequence of a decision by the court. It is put in
motion by due process of law and once it is properly carried out there can be
no question of applying to stay it. Once the status quo ante is lost through due process it is virtually
impossible to restore it. One has to endure the outcome of an appeal process or
some other remedy like review. See their Lordships' sentiments in the case of
Delco (Pvt) Ltd .
It
occurs to me that it was mischievous for counsel for the applicants to try to
bring an application for stay of execution of a process that had already gone
beyond execution let alone to try and argue that execution had not been
effected when documentary evidence pointed to the contrary. On this basis
alone, the point raised by counsel for the respondents could not be resisted.
The
urgency of the matter
I
have already made a specific determination that there was nothing improper
about the way in which the certificate of urgency was prepared in this case.
However,
I am concerned with the conduct of the two legal practitioners who represented
the applicants on two different occasions before two different judges of this
court sitting separately. One cannot help but come to the inevitable conclusion
that the two legal practitioners were determined to mislead the two judges. Our
expectation as judges of this court is that when legal practitioners appear
before us they are guided by professional ethics, they strive to honestly and
diligently assist the court and not to demonstrate stout effort to mislead the
court. Legal practitioners must appreciate there is a price for dishonesty and
no court can reward such conduct.
Given
the circumstances of this case and in particular the valuable time lost by the
legal practitioners in misrepresenting certain facts to the court coupled with
a deliberate attempt to purport to stop execution which had already been
effected, clearly the urgency in this matter was self-created and such urgency
cannot be countenanced by this court.
COSTS
Counsel
for the applicant has asked for costs on a higher scale. His frustrations are
understandable particularly given the manner in which the applicants' counsel
has conducted himself in this matter. I have already highlighted some of the
issues which are the cause of complaint.
I
have agonised over the issue of costs guided by the wide discretion that the
court enjoys, and which discretion must be judiciously exercised. See Kruger
Brothers and Wasserman.
It
is important to note that most of the issues complained of had nothing to do
with the conduct of the applicants themselves but of their legal counsel. In a
proper case it is permissible to punish the litigants for the conduct of their
chosen legal counsel but I do not believe this is one such case.
Given
the background of his case, and in particular the fact that this matter
involves a deceased estate where emotions tend to run high among those family
members who genuinely believe in their entitlement to the estate assets, I am
not satisfied that a punitive order of costs is called for. I propose to award
costs on the ordinary scale.
Consequently
I order as follows:-
(a)
That
the application be and is hereby dismissed with costs.
Mutamangira &
Associates,
applicant's legal practitioners
Chikumbirike
& Associates, Respondent's legal
practitioners
