This is an appeal against the whole judgment of the High Court (“the court a quo”) handed down on 7 July 2022 in which it declined to assume jurisdiction in respect of an application filed by the appellant for the review of the recommendations of the second, third and fourth respondents in accordance with which the first respondent removed her from the office of Judge of the High Court.

Until 17 June 2021, the appellant was a sitting Judge of the High Court. She was removed from that office by the first respondent, the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, acting in terms of section 187(8) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 (“the Constitution”).

Whenever the question of the removal of a sitting Judge arises, the Judicial Service Commission informs the first respondent, who, in terms of section 187(3) of the Constitution, is required to appoint a Tribunal to inquire into that question.

The second, third, and fourth respondents are members of the Tribunal appointed by the first respondent to inquire into the question of removing the appellant from the office of Judge of the High Court.

The salient facts are generally not in dispute and may be traced back to 9 October 2020, on which date the Judicial Service Commission advised the first respondent that a question of whether the appellant had to be removed from the office of Judge of the High Court had arisen.

On 5 November 2020, by dint of Proclamation 7 of 2020 published in Statutory Instrument 261B of 2020, the first respondent established a Tribunal constituted by the second, third, and fourth respondents to inquire into the aforementioned question of the removal from office of the appellant.

The Tribunal would conduct its business for a period of five months, from the date of the swearing in of its members.

The members of the Tribunal were duly sworn in on 18 November 2020, thereby triggering their mandate.

On 8 December 2020, the Tribunal served the appellant with a letter informing her of the matters into which it would inquire, chief among which was whether she had been grossly incompetent in performing or omitting to perform the acts mentioned in that letter.

The particulars of the matters into which the Tribunal would inquire are not germane to the resolution of this appeal.

The hearing before the Tribunal commenced on 18 March 2021 and was concluded on 22 April 2021 after several witnesses, and the appellant herself, had presented evidence.

The parties appearing before the Tribunal were thereafter requested to file their closing submissions, with the appellant being requested to submit her final response on 4 May 2021.

On 17 June 2021, having concluded its investigations, the Tribunal presented its recommendations to the first respondent.

The Tribunal found the appellant guilty of gross incompetence.

By letter of the same day, the Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet advised the Honourable Chief Justice of Zimbabwe, that, the Tribunal had recommended the removal of the appellant from office for gross incompetence and that the first respondent had accordingly removed the appellant from office.

Against this background, the appellant harboured grievances. On 25 August 2021, she filed a court application for review in terms of sections 26 and 27 of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] as read with Rule 60 of the High Court Rules 2021. The appellant advanced multiple grounds of review.

Among the grounds was that the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to inquire into the question of her removal after 18 May 2021 since its five-month tenure had lapsed.

She added, that, it was grossly irregular for the Tribunal to disregard her preliminary objections on the basis of what had occurred during an earlier inquiry involving the removal of another Judge and not during her own inquiry.

It was also contended, that, it was a gross irregularity for the Tribunal to find her guilty of gross incompetence when she had not been charged with such a misconduct.

All in all, the appellant advanced no less than eight grounds of review on the basis of which she craved the grant of relief in the following terms:

“1. That the Applicant's application for review of the recommendations of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Respondents dated 17 June 2021 and the subsequent decision of the 1st Respondent be and is hereby succeeds. (sic)

2. The recommendation of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Respondents dated 17 June 2021 and the subsequent decision of the 1st Respondent be and are hereby reviewed and set aside.

3. The decision of the 1st Respondent to remove the Applicant from the office of a Judge of the High Court in terms of section 187(7) and (8) of the Constitution be and is hereby set aside.

4. The Appellant be and is hereby reinstated to her position as a Judge of the High Court of Zimbabwe without loss to salary and benefits from the date of publication of Proclamation 7 of 2020.

5. The Respondents shall pay costs of suit.”…,.

The first respondent opposed the application, averring that the Tribunal had not acted without jurisdiction, and that, in removing the appellant from office, he had acted in accordance with section 187 of the Constitution.

He, therefore, prayed for the dismissal of the application.

Raising a number of preliminary objections, inter alia, that the court a quo lacked jurisdiction because the appellant had already noted an appeal to the Labour Court against the decision she sought to have reviewed; that, in terms of the Commissions of Inquiry Act [Chapter 10:07], they were not liable to any action or suit in respect of any matter or thing done by them while they were members of the Tribunal; and that, there was a fatal non-joinder of the Judicial Service Commission, the second, third and fourth respondents also opposed the application.

On the merits of the application, the second, third, and fourth respondents contended that none of the grounds of review had been established....,.

I note, in passing, that, during the hearing, counsel for the second, third, and fourth respondents were put to task on the question of whether their clients had any real interest in the application.

Following exchanges with the court a quo, they conceded that their interest in the matter was nominal and indicated that they would abide by the court a quo's decision.

This is an appeal against the whole judgment of the High Court (“the court a quo”) handed down on 7 July 2022 in which it declined to assume jurisdiction in respect of an application filed by the appellant for the review of the recommendations of the second, third and fourth respondents in accordance with which the first respondent removed her from the office of Judge of the High Court.

Until 17 June 2021, the appellant was a sitting Judge of the High Court. She was removed from that office by the first respondent, the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, acting in terms of section 187(8) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 (“the Constitution”).

Whenever the question of the removal of a sitting Judge arises, the Judicial Service Commission informs the first respondent, who, in terms of section 187(3) of the Constitution, is required to appoint a Tribunal to inquire into that question.

The second, third, and fourth respondents are members of the Tribunal appointed by the first respondent to inquire into the question of removing the appellant from the office of Judge of the High Court.

The salient facts are generally not in dispute and may be traced back to 9 October 2020, on which date the Judicial Service Commission advised the first respondent that a question of whether the appellant had to be removed from the office of Judge of the High Court had arisen.

On 5 November 2020, by dint of Proclamation 7 of 2020 published in Statutory Instrument 261B of 2020, the first respondent established a Tribunal constituted by the second, third, and fourth respondents to inquire into the aforementioned question of the removal from office of the appellant.

The Tribunal would conduct its business for a period of five months, from the date of the swearing in of its members.

The members of the Tribunal were duly sworn in on 18 November 2020, thereby triggering their mandate.

On 8 December 2020, the Tribunal served the appellant with a letter informing her of the matters into which it would inquire, chief among which was whether she had been grossly incompetent in performing or omitting to perform the acts mentioned in that letter.

The particulars of the matters into which the Tribunal would inquire are not germane to the resolution of this appeal.

The hearing before the Tribunal commenced on 18 March 2021 and was concluded on 22 April 2021 after several witnesses, and the appellant herself, had presented evidence.

The parties appearing before the Tribunal were thereafter requested to file their closing submissions, with the appellant being requested to submit her final response on 4 May 2021.

On 17 June 2021, having concluded its investigations, the Tribunal presented its recommendations to the first respondent.

The Tribunal found the appellant guilty of gross incompetence.

By letter of the same day, the Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet advised the Honourable Chief Justice of Zimbabwe, that, the Tribunal had recommended the removal of the appellant from office for gross incompetence and that the first respondent had accordingly removed the appellant from office.

Against this background, the appellant harboured grievances. On 25 August 2021, she filed a court application for review in terms of sections 26 and 27 of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] as read with Rule 60 of the High Court Rules 2021. The appellant advanced multiple grounds of review.

Among the grounds was that the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to inquire into the question of her removal after 18 May 2021 since its five-month tenure had lapsed.

She added, that, it was grossly irregular for the Tribunal to disregard her preliminary objections on the basis of what had occurred during an earlier inquiry involving the removal of another Judge and not during her own inquiry.

It was also contended, that, it was a gross irregularity for the Tribunal to find her guilty of gross incompetence when she had not been charged with such a misconduct.

All in all, the appellant advanced no less than eight grounds of review on the basis of which she craved the grant of relief in the following terms:

“1. That the Applicant's application for review of the recommendations of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Respondents dated 17 June 2021 and the subsequent decision of the 1st Respondent be and is hereby succeeds. (sic)

2. The recommendation of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Respondents dated 17 June 2021 and the subsequent decision of the 1st Respondent be and are hereby reviewed and set aside.

3. The decision of the 1st Respondent to remove the Applicant from the office of a Judge of the High Court in terms of section 187(7) and (8) of the Constitution be and is hereby set aside.

4. The Appellant be and is hereby reinstated to her position as a Judge of the High Court of Zimbabwe without loss to salary and benefits from the date of publication of Proclamation 7 of 2020.

5. The Respondents shall pay costs of suit.”…,.

The first respondent opposed the application, averring that the Tribunal had not acted without jurisdiction, and that, in removing the appellant from office, he had acted in accordance with section 187 of the Constitution.

He, therefore, prayed for the dismissal of the application.

Raising a number of preliminary objections, inter alia, that the court a quo lacked jurisdiction because the appellant had already noted an appeal to the Labour Court against the decision she sought to have reviewed; that, in terms of the Commissions of Inquiry Act [Chapter 10:07], they were not liable to any action or suit in respect of any matter or thing done by them while they were members of the Tribunal; and that, there was a fatal non-joinder of the Judicial Service Commission, the second, third and fourth respondents also opposed the application.

On the merits of the application, the second, third, and fourth respondents contended that none of the grounds of review had been established.

The hearing of the application proceeded before a panel comprising three Judges of the court a quo.

At the commencement of the hearing, the court a quo requested counsel for the parties to address it on the question of whether it still had review jurisdiction given that the appellant had already been removed from office by the first respondent in terms of the recommendations made to him.

What exercised the mind of the court a quo was whether it could entertain the application when a decision in accordance with the Constitution had ensued.

In its judgment, the court a quo recorded that invitation thus:

“[6] At the hearing, before going into the preliminary issues raised and the merits of the matter, the court invited submissions from the legal practitioners on the following critical legal issue - given that the first respondent acted on recommendations submitted to him by a tribunal and made a decision in terms of the Constitution to remove the applicant, does the court have jurisdiction to hear the matter?

It is trite that a court can raise mero motu the question of jurisdiction: see Boswinkel v Boswinkel 1995 (2) ZLR 58 (H) as cited with approval in Chikwenengere v Chikwenengere SC75-06.”

I note, in passing, that, during the hearing, counsel for the second, third, and fourth respondents were put to task on the question of whether their clients had any real interest in the application.

Following exchanges with the court a quo, they conceded that their interest in the matter was nominal and indicated that they would abide by the court a quo's decision.

The judgment of the court a quo was solely devoted to resolving the question that it invited the parties to address.

The court a quo considered, correctly in my view, that the issue of the removal of a sitting judge and a subsequent review application made to set aside recommendations of a Tribunal, to be novel in this jurisdiction....,.

The court a quo found that once the first respondent has acted upon a recommendation by a Tribunal on the question of whether a judge should be removed from office, that action becomes a decision in terms of the Constitution, whose validity cannot be reviewed. It stated;

“The question then becomes whether or not the decision made by the first respondent is subject to review by this court. Whatever recommendation is made, the President must act in terms of section 187(8). In my view, once removal or no removal is recommended and acted upon, it becomes a decision made in terms of the Constitution.

It could not have been the intention of the legislature that once such removal is finalised in terms of the Constitution, that this court assumes jurisdiction, even under the guise of 'inherent' jurisdiction, as contended by Mrs Mtetwa.

Conversely, in my view, it would be absurd for the Judicial Service Commission for instance, to seek a reversal of a recommendation not to remove a judge by way of an application for review in this court.”…,.

(iii) Finally, while accepting that the President's exercise of his prerogative power may be subject to review, the court a quo concluded, that, the first respondent did not exercise prerogative power in acting upon the Tribunal's recommendations which could be reviewed.

In its finding, the only executive powers of the President that are subject to review are those in which he has discretion or where he is required to act by a specific piece of legislation.

The court a quo reasoned that in the present matter, the first respondent had no discretion whatsoever once recommendations had been made concerning the question of the removal of a judge. In its view, he was required to act on those recommendations.

It was principally on the basis of the foregoing findings and conclusions of law that the court a quo declined jurisdiction....,.

Thus, the pre-eminent issue commending itself for determination is whether or not the court a quo erred in concluding that it had no jurisdiction over the appellant's review application.

The court a quo found that once the first respondent has acted upon a recommendation by a Tribunal on the question of whether a judge should be removed from office, that action becomes a decision in terms of the Constitution, whose validity cannot be reviewed. It stated;

“The question then becomes whether or not the decision made by the first respondent is subject to review by this court. Whatever recommendation is made, the President must act in terms of section 187(8). In my view, once removal or no removal is recommended and acted upon, it becomes a decision made in terms of the Constitution.

It could not have been the intention of the legislature that once such removal is finalised in terms of the Constitution, that this court assumes jurisdiction, even under the guise of 'inherent' jurisdiction, as contended by Mrs Mtetwa.

Conversely, in my view, it would be absurd for the Judicial Service Commission for instance, to seek a reversal of a recommendation not to remove a judge by way of an application for review in this court.”…,.

(iii) Finally, while accepting that the President's exercise of his prerogative power may be subject to review, the court a quo concluded, that, the first respondent did not exercise prerogative power in acting upon the Tribunal's recommendations which could be reviewed.

In its finding, the only executive powers of the President that are subject to review are those in which he has discretion or where he is required to act by a specific piece of legislation.

The court a quo reasoned that in the present matter, the first respondent had no discretion whatsoever once recommendations had been made concerning the question of the removal of a judge. In its view, he was required to act on those recommendations.

It was principally on the basis of the foregoing findings and conclusions of law that the court a quo declined jurisdiction....,.

Thus, the pre-eminent issue commending itself for determination is whether or not the court a quo erred in concluding that it had no jurisdiction over the appellant's review application....,.

Drawing on an analogy of the facts in the case of Gonese & Anor v Parliament of Zimbabwe & Ors CC04-20, counsel for the appellant correctly argued, that, it is possible for an act, law, conduct, or decision to be set aside even after it has been concluded or finalised.

The court a quo found that once the first respondent has acted upon a recommendation by a Tribunal on the question of whether a judge should be removed from office, that action becomes a decision in terms of the Constitution, whose validity cannot be reviewed. It stated;

“The question then becomes whether or not the decision made by the first respondent is subject to review by this court. Whatever recommendation is made, the President must act in terms of section 187(8). In my view, once removal or no removal is recommended and acted upon, it becomes a decision made in terms of the Constitution.

It could not have been the intention of the legislature that once such removal is finalised in terms of the Constitution, that this court assumes jurisdiction, even under the guise of 'inherent' jurisdiction, as contended by Mrs Mtetwa.

Conversely, in my view, it would be absurd for the Judicial Service Commission for instance, to seek a reversal of a recommendation not to remove a judge by way of an application for review in this court.”…,.

(iii) Finally, while accepting that the President's exercise of his prerogative power may be subject to review, the court a quo concluded, that, the first respondent did not exercise prerogative power in acting upon the Tribunal's recommendations which could be reviewed.

In its finding, the only executive powers of the President that are subject to review are those in which he has discretion or where he is required to act by a specific piece of legislation.

The court a quo reasoned that in the present matter, the first respondent had no discretion whatsoever once recommendations had been made concerning the question of the removal of a judge. In its view, he was required to act on those recommendations.

It was principally on the basis of the foregoing findings and conclusions of law that the court a quo declined jurisdiction....,.

Thus, the pre-eminent issue commending itself for determination is whether or not the court a quo erred in concluding that it had no jurisdiction over the appellant's review application.

The court a quo found that once the first respondent has acted upon a recommendation by a Tribunal on the question of whether a judge should be removed from office, that action becomes a decision in terms of the Constitution, whose validity cannot be reviewed. It stated;

“The question then becomes whether or not the decision made by the first respondent is subject to review by this court. Whatever recommendation is made, the President must act in terms of section 187(8). In my view, once removal or no removal is recommended and acted upon, it becomes a decision made in terms of the Constitution.

It could not have been the intention of the legislature that once such removal is finalised in terms of the Constitution, that this court assumes jurisdiction, even under the guise of 'inherent' jurisdiction, as contended by Mrs Mtetwa.

Conversely, in my view, it would be absurd for the Judicial Service Commission for instance, to seek a reversal of a recommendation not to remove a judge by way of an application for review in this court.”…,.

(iii) Finally, while accepting that the President's exercise of his prerogative power may be subject to review, the court a quo concluded, that, the first respondent did not exercise prerogative power in acting upon the Tribunal's recommendations which could be reviewed.

In its finding, the only executive powers of the President that are subject to review are those in which he has discretion or where he is required to act by a specific piece of legislation.

The court a quo reasoned that in the present matter, the first respondent had no discretion whatsoever once recommendations had been made concerning the question of the removal of a judge. In its view, he was required to act on those recommendations.

It was principally on the basis of the foregoing findings and conclusions of law that the court a quo declined jurisdiction....,.

Thus, the pre-eminent issue commending itself for determination is whether or not the court a quo erred in concluding that it had no jurisdiction over the appellant's review application....,.

In Chombo v National Prosecuting Authority & Ors SC158-21…, the Court held that:

“In Mutukwa v National Dairy Co-operative Ltd 1996 (1) ZLR 341 (S), with respect to the High Court, but, applicable with equal force to this Court, it was held as follows:

'In any case, a question of jurisdiction is one which a court imbued with review powers may raise mero motu; for parties cannot confer jurisdiction on an adjudicating authority where such jurisdiction has not been conferred on that adjudicating authority by statute.'

In fact, for a court with review and/or appellate jurisdiction to overlook or fail to address the lack of jurisdiction of the court or tribunal whose decision or proceedings have been placed before it is to compound the irregularity, as that reviewing or appellate court's proceedings would be marred by the initial lack of jurisdiction of the court of first instance rendering them, in turn, to be a nullity.”

The court a quo found that once the first respondent has acted upon a recommendation by a Tribunal on the question of whether a judge should be removed from office, that action becomes a decision in terms of the Constitution, whose validity cannot be reviewed. It stated;

“The question then becomes whether or not the decision made by the first respondent is subject to review by this court. Whatever recommendation is made, the President must act in terms of section 187(8). In my view, once removal or no removal is recommended and acted upon, it becomes a decision made in terms of the Constitution.

It could not have been the intention of the legislature that once such removal is finalised in terms of the Constitution, that this court assumes jurisdiction, even under the guise of 'inherent' jurisdiction, as contended by Mrs Mtetwa.

Conversely, in my view, it would be absurd for the Judicial Service Commission for instance, to seek a reversal of a recommendation not to remove a judge by way of an application for review in this court.”…,.

(iii) Finally, while accepting that the President's exercise of his prerogative power may be subject to review, the court a quo concluded, that, the first respondent did not exercise prerogative power in acting upon the Tribunal's recommendations which could be reviewed.

In its finding, the only executive powers of the President that are subject to review are those in which he has discretion or where he is required to act by a specific piece of legislation.

The court a quo reasoned that in the present matter, the first respondent had no discretion whatsoever once recommendations had been made concerning the question of the removal of a judge. In its view, he was required to act on those recommendations.

It was principally on the basis of the foregoing findings and conclusions of law that the court a quo declined jurisdiction....,.

Thus, the pre-eminent issue commending itself for determination is whether or not the court a quo erred in concluding that it had no jurisdiction over the appellant's review application.

At the commencement of the hearing, the court inquired from counsel for the second to the fourth respondents whether they had any intention to oppose the appeal since they had not filed any heads of argument and were, in any event, barred.

Counsel for the second and fourth respondents stated that his clients were not opposing the appeal and that he had made an appearance out of courtesy.

For her part, counsel for the third respondent indicated that her client was not opposing the appeal and that she had made an appearance simply to observe the proceedings.

Both counsel stated that their clients will abide by the decision of this Court.

This is an appeal against the whole judgment of the High Court (“the court a quo”) handed down on 7 July 2022 in which it declined to assume jurisdiction in respect of an application filed by the appellant for the review of the recommendations of the second, third and fourth respondents in accordance with which the first respondent removed her from the office of Judge of the High Court.

Until 17 June 2021, the appellant was a sitting Judge of the High Court. She was removed from that office by the first respondent, the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, acting in terms of section 187(8) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 (“the Constitution”).

Whenever the question of the removal of a sitting Judge arises, the Judicial Service Commission informs the first respondent, who, in terms of section 187(3) of the Constitution, is required to appoint a Tribunal to inquire into that question.

The second, third, and fourth respondents are members of the Tribunal appointed by the first respondent to inquire into the question of removing the appellant from the office of Judge of the High Court.

The salient facts are generally not in dispute and may be traced back to 9 October 2020, on which date the Judicial Service Commission advised the first respondent that a question of whether the appellant had to be removed from the office of Judge of the High Court had arisen.

On 5 November 2020, by dint of Proclamation 7 of 2020 published in Statutory Instrument 261B of 2020, the first respondent established a Tribunal constituted by the second, third, and fourth respondents to inquire into the aforementioned question of the removal from office of the appellant.

The Tribunal would conduct its business for a period of five months, from the date of the swearing in of its members.

The members of the Tribunal were duly sworn in on 18 November 2020, thereby triggering their mandate.

On 8 December 2020, the Tribunal served the appellant with a letter informing her of the matters into which it would inquire, chief among which was whether she had been grossly incompetent in performing or omitting to perform the acts mentioned in that letter.

The particulars of the matters into which the Tribunal would inquire are not germane to the resolution of this appeal.

The hearing before the Tribunal commenced on 18 March 2021 and was concluded on 22 April 2021 after several witnesses, and the appellant herself, had presented evidence.

The parties appearing before the Tribunal were thereafter requested to file their closing submissions, with the appellant being requested to submit her final response on 4 May 2021.

On 17 June 2021, having concluded its investigations, the Tribunal presented its recommendations to the first respondent.

The Tribunal found the appellant guilty of gross incompetence.

By letter of the same day, the Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet advised the Honourable Chief Justice of Zimbabwe, that, the Tribunal had recommended the removal of the appellant from office for gross incompetence and that the first respondent had accordingly removed the appellant from office.

Against this background, the appellant harboured grievances. On 25 August 2021, she filed a court application for review in terms of sections 26 and 27 of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] as read with Rule 60 of the High Court Rules 2021. The appellant advanced multiple grounds of review.

Among the grounds was that the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to inquire into the question of her removal after 18 May 2021 since its five-month tenure had lapsed.

She added, that, it was grossly irregular for the Tribunal to disregard her preliminary objections on the basis of what had occurred during an earlier inquiry involving the removal of another Judge and not during her own inquiry.

It was also contended, that, it was a gross irregularity for the Tribunal to find her guilty of gross incompetence when she had not been charged with such a misconduct.

All in all, the appellant advanced no less than eight grounds of review on the basis of which she craved the grant of relief in the following terms:

“1. That the Applicant's application for review of the recommendations of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Respondents dated 17 June 2021 and the subsequent decision of the 1st Respondent be and is hereby succeeds. (sic)

2. The recommendation of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Respondents dated 17 June 2021 and the subsequent decision of the 1st Respondent be and are hereby reviewed and set aside.

3. The decision of the 1st Respondent to remove the Applicant from the office of a Judge of the High Court in terms of section 187(7) and (8) of the Constitution be and is hereby set aside.

4. The Appellant be and is hereby reinstated to her position as a Judge of the High Court of Zimbabwe without loss to salary and benefits from the date of publication of Proclamation 7 of 2020.

5. The Respondents shall pay costs of suit.”…,.

The first respondent opposed the application, averring that the Tribunal had not acted without jurisdiction, and that, in removing the appellant from office, he had acted in accordance with section 187 of the Constitution.

He, therefore, prayed for the dismissal of the application.

Raising a number of preliminary objections, inter alia, that the court a quo lacked jurisdiction because the appellant had already noted an appeal to the Labour Court against the decision she sought to have reviewed; that, in terms of the Commissions of Inquiry Act [Chapter 10:07], they were not liable to any action or suit in respect of any matter or thing done by them while they were members of the Tribunal; and that, there was a fatal non-joinder of the Judicial Service Commission, the second, third and fourth respondents also opposed the application.

On the merits of the application, the second, third, and fourth respondents contended that none of the grounds of review had been established.

The hearing of the application proceeded before a panel comprising three Judges of the court a quo.

At the commencement of the hearing, the court a quo requested counsel for the parties to address it on the question of whether it still had review jurisdiction given that the appellant had already been removed from office by the first respondent in terms of the recommendations made to him.

What exercised the mind of the court a quo was whether it could entertain the application when a decision in accordance with the Constitution had ensued.

In its judgment, the court a quo recorded that invitation thus:

“[6] At the hearing, before going into the preliminary issues raised and the merits of the matter, the court invited submissions from the legal practitioners on the following critical legal issue - given that the first respondent acted on recommendations submitted to him by a tribunal and made a decision in terms of the Constitution to remove the applicant, does the court have jurisdiction to hear the matter?

It is trite that a court can raise mero motu the question of jurisdiction: see Boswinkel v Boswinkel 1995 (2) ZLR 58 (H) as cited with approval in Chikwenengere v Chikwenengere SC75-06.”

I note, in passing, that, during the hearing, counsel for the second, third, and fourth respondents were put to task on the question of whether their clients had any real interest in the application.

Following exchanges with the court a quo, they conceded that their interest in the matter was nominal and indicated that they would abide by the court a quo's decision.

The judgment of the court a quo was solely devoted to resolving the question that it invited the parties to address.

The court a quo considered, correctly in my view, that the issue of the removal of a sitting judge and a subsequent review application made to set aside recommendations of a Tribunal, to be novel in this jurisdiction.

It made several findings and conclusions of law on the basis of which it declined jurisdiction:

(i) Firstly, citing the decisions of this Court in Moyo v Mkoba 2013 (2) ZLR 137 (S) and Marange v Marange SC01–21, the court a quo stated that it is not, and would not, be the ultimate decision of the first respondent that is subject to review but only the process preceding it.

It reasoned, that, what could be subjected to review was only the process by which the Tribunal makes its recommendations.

(ii) Secondly, it considered the legislative framework outlining its review jurisdiction and also made a survey of approaches followed in different jurisdictions in respect of the review of the decisions of ad hoc Tribunals enquiring into the question of the removal of judges. These comparator jurisdictions included Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, and India.

Following a lengthy discussion, the court a quo found that once the first respondent has acted upon a recommendation by a Tribunal on the question of whether a judge should be removed from office, that action becomes a decision in terms of the Constitution, whose validity cannot be reviewed. It stated;

“The question then becomes whether or not the decision made by the first respondent is subject to review by this court. Whatever recommendation is made, the President must act in terms of section 187(8). In my view, once removal or no removal is recommended and acted upon, it becomes a decision made in terms of the Constitution.

It could not have been the intention of the legislature that once such removal is finalised in terms of the Constitution, that this court assumes jurisdiction, even under the guise of 'inherent' jurisdiction, as contended by Mrs Mtetwa.

Conversely, in my view, it would be absurd for the Judicial Service Commission for instance, to seek a reversal of a recommendation not to remove a judge by way of an application for review in this court.”…,.

(iii) Finally, while accepting that the President's exercise of his prerogative power may be subject to review, the court a quo concluded, that, the first respondent did not exercise prerogative power in acting upon the Tribunal's recommendations which could be reviewed.

In its finding, the only executive powers of the President that are subject to review are those in which he has discretion or where he is required to act by a specific piece of legislation.

The court a quo reasoned that in the present matter, the first respondent had no discretion whatsoever once recommendations had been made concerning the question of the removal of a judge. In its view, he was required to act on those recommendations.

It was principally on the basis of the foregoing findings and conclusions of law that the court a quo declined jurisdiction.

Again, the appellant was disenchanted and dissatisfied with the decision of the court a quo. She noted an appeal to this Court.

She attacked the decision of the court a quo on several bases. Essentially, the grounds of appeal are an attack on the court a quo for declining jurisdiction and on its reasoning in arriving at the conclusion that it could not assume jurisdiction over the appellant's application.

Thus, the pre-eminent issue commending itself for determination is whether or not the court a quo erred in concluding that it had no jurisdiction over the appellant's review application.

At the commencement of the hearing, the court inquired from counsel for the second to the fourth respondents whether they had any intention to oppose the appeal since they had not filed any heads of argument and were, in any event, barred.

Counsel for the second and fourth respondents stated that his clients were not opposing the appeal and that he had made an appearance out of courtesy.

For her part, counsel for the third respondent indicated that her client was not opposing the appeal and that she had made an appearance simply to observe the proceedings.

Both counsel stated that their clients will abide by the decision of this Court.

There was also the sticking issue of the first respondent's non-appearance when he had strenuously contested the application in the court below.

In the end, following inquiry from counsel and examination of the record, the court was satisfied that counsel for the first respondent was aware of the set down. For unexplained reasons, he was not in attendance.

It is for that reason that the court proceeded to hear counsel for the appellant on the merits of the appeal - regrettably without the benefit of submissions from counsel for the first respondent.

Subsections (2) and (3) of section 167 of the Constitution provide:

“(2) Subject to this Constitution, only the Constitutional Court may —

(a) Advise on the constitutionality of any proposed legislation, but, may do so only where the legislation concerned has been referred to it in terms of this Constitution;...,.

(b)...,.;

(c)...,.; or

(d)...,.

(3) The Constitutional Court makes the final decision whether an Act of Parliament or conduct of the President or Parliament is constitutional, and must confirm any order of constitutional invalidity made by another court before that order has any force.”...,.

Section 175(1) of the Constitution provides for the powers of the courts in constitutional matters thus:

“(1) Where a court makes an order concerning the constitutional invalidity of any law or any conduct of the President or Parliament, the order has no force unless it is confirmed by the Constitutional Court.”

I am mindful of the celebrated principle of constitutional interpretation that the provisions of the Constitution must be considered holistically to find the legislative intendment.

The Constitutional Court has had occasion to pronounce on that principle in a number of cases.

In Mupungu v Minister of Justice Legal and Parliamentary Affairs & Ors CC07-21…, PATEL JCC made the point, that, all relevant provisions that bear on the subject for interpretation must be considered together and as a whole so as to give effect to the objective of the Constitution, having regard to the nature and scope of the rights, interests, and duties that form the subject matter of the provisions to be construed.

See also Chamisa v Mnangagwa & Ors CC21-19…,.; Museredza & Ors v Minister of Agriculture, Lands, Water and Rural Resettlement & Ors CC01–22…,.; and Mawere v Registrar General CC04–15…,.

The presumption of constitutionality can be understood in a couple of senses:

In the first sense, the presumption operates in favour of certain executive, administrative, or legislative acts, which are taken to be constitutionally valid unless proven to be otherwise.

The presumption was lucidly set out by BHUNU JA in Econet Wireless (Pvt) Ltd v Minister of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare & Ors SC31–16…, as follows:

“What this means is that all questioned laws and administrative acts enjoy a presumption of validity until declared otherwise by a competent court. Until the declaration of nullity, they remain lawful and binding, bidding obedience of all subjects of the law.”…,.

Where legislation is capable of two meanings, one of which accords with the Constitution; it is always presumed that the meaning that is consistent with the Constitution is the meaning that Parliament intended to ascribe to the legislation.

The presumption of constitutionality can be understood in a couple of senses:

In the first sense, the presumption operates in favour of certain executive, administrative, or legislative acts, which are taken to be constitutionally valid unless proven to be otherwise.

The presumption was lucidly set out by BHUNU JA in Econet Wireless (Pvt) Ltd v Minister of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare & Ors SC31–16…, as follows:

“What this means is that all questioned laws and administrative acts enjoy a presumption of validity until declared otherwise by a competent court. Until the declaration of nullity, they remain lawful and binding, bidding obedience of all subjects of the law.”…,.

In the case of Gonese & Anor v Parliament of Zimbabwe & Ors CC04-20…, the court held that the presumption of constitutionality also applies to the conduct of the business of the National Assembly.

In the most common sense, the presumption of constitutional validity is invoked in respect of legislation.

Where legislation is capable of two meanings, one of which accords with the Constitution; it is always presumed that the meaning that is consistent with the Constitution is the meaning that Parliament intended to ascribe to the legislation.

In that regard, any person alleging that a piece of legislation is unconstitutional bears the onus to rebut the presumption: see Zimbabwe Electoral Commission & Anor v Commissioner-General, Zimbabwe Republic Police & Ors 2014 (1) ZLR 405…,.; In Re: Prosecutor General of Zimbabwe on his Constitutional Independence and Protection from Direction and Control CC13-17…,.; Mujuru v President of Zimbabwe & Ors CC08-18…,.; and Kawenda v Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs & Ors CC03-22…,.

Section 175(1) of the Constitution provides for the powers of the courts in constitutional matters thus:

“(1) Where a court makes an order concerning the constitutional invalidity of any law or any conduct of the President or Parliament, the order has no force unless it is confirmed by the Constitutional Court.”...,.

The harmonious relationship between section 167(2)(d) of the Constitution, which allows only the Constitutional Court to determine whether the President has failed to fulfil a constitutional obligation, and section 175(1) of the Constitution which allows “a court” to make an order concerning the constitutional invalidity of the conduct of the President, has implications on the jurisdiction of the High Court in matters involving the conduct of the President.

The reason for this is that there is a thin line between a failure by the President to fulfil a constitutional obligation and the conduct of the President that is constitutionally invalid.

One may suppose that in most cases, a failure to fulfil a constitutional obligation will also involve conduct that is constitutionally invalid....,.

Where a court of competent jurisdiction, other than the Constitutional Court, is faced with the question of whether the case before it involves a failure by the President to fulfil a constitutional obligation or constitutionally invalid conduct by the President, such a court must, perforce, be certain of the nature of the case before it lest it unlawfully assumes jurisdiction over a matter that is within the preserve of the Constitutional Court in terms of section 167(2)(d) of the Constitution.

In that regard, the views expressed by the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa, in the case of King and Others v Attorneys Fidelity Fund Board of Control and Another 2006 (1) 474 (SCA)…, are apposite:

“[12] The main question is whether this Court is precluded from pronouncing on the appellants complaint. Though an order of constitutional invalidity has no force unless it is confirmed by the Constitutional Court, this Court and the High Courts have jurisdiction to 'make an order concerning the constitutional validity of an Act of Parliament' (s172(2)(a)). Section 167(4)(e), however, allows only the Constitutional Court to 'decide that Parliament or the President has failed to fulfil a constitutional obligation'.

[13] Before the hearing, this Court invited the parties to make submissions on this issue, which was not argued before Chetty J. Both sides rightly submitted that the words 'constitutional obligation' in s167(4)(e) must bear a restricted meaning.

The Constitutional Court has said as much.

In President of the Republic of South Africa and Others v South African Rugby Football Union and Others, a case concerning the conduct of the President, the Court pointed out that if s167(4)(e) were construed as applying to all questions concerning constitutional validity of conduct of the President, it would conflict with s172(2)(a).

It therefore considered that when the two sections are read together a 'narrow meaning' should be given to 'fulfil a constitutional obligation' in s167(4)(e), though it found it unnecessary to decide what that meaning should be.

[14] The purpose of the constitutional provisions giving exclusive jurisdiction to the Constitutional Court is 'to preserve the comity between the judicial branch of government, on the one hand, and the legislative and executive branches of government, on the other, by ensuring that only the highest Court in constitutional matters intrudes into the domain of the principal legislative and executive organs of State'.

Since the Constitutional Court bears 'the responsibility of being the ultimate guardian of the Constitution and its values' s167(4) vests it with exclusive jurisdiction in 'crucial political areas' and it bears the duty 'to adjudicate, finally, in respect of issues which would inevitably have important political consequences'.

[15] These are the clear premises. The question is whether they leave space for this Court and the High Courts to grant an order of statutory invalidity when the defect is alleged to arise from breach of a constitutional obligation….,.

[16] In our view, these approaches [contended for by counsel in the case] impermissibly attenuate the jurisdictional exclusion in s167(4). Although s172(2) grants power to this Court and the High Courts 'to make an order concerning the constitutional validity of an Act of Parliament' the co-existence of the two provisions requires that we distinguish between different ways in which the Constitution envisages that statutes may be invalid.”…,.

While I have selectively and carefully relied on King and Others v Attorneys Fidelity Fund Board of Control and Another 2006 (1) 474 (SCA), in light of the reservations expressed by the Constitutional Court in Chirambwe v President of the Republic of Zimbabwe & Others CC04–21 as to its compatibility with our jurisprudence, I find the observations made therein somewhat illustrative of the necessity to determine whether a matter involving an act, conduct, or decision of the President would be in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.

In Chirambwe v President of the Republic of Zimbabwe & Others CC04–21…, the Constitutional Court set out the test to determine whether a matter falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court as being “whether the issues raised involve an intrusion into the domain of either Parliament or the President's executive powers.”

See also Mujuru v The President of Zimbabwe & Ors CC08-18…, for a discussion on the term “constitutional obligation”.

The import of the above is that notwithstanding section 175(1) of the Constitution, where a court with constitutional jurisdiction has been approached to set aside, either directly, or as consequence of some other constitutionally invalid act or conduct, an act or decision of the President on the basis it falls short of the constitutional requirements, such a court must be certain that the matter before it is not one involving a failure by the President to fulfil a constitutional obligation.

Any such matter is obviously within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.

The comity demanded among the arms of the State necessitates that only the highest court in constitutional matters pronounces upon the defiance of the Constitution by the President or Parliament: see Mliswa v Parliament of the Republic of Zimbabwe CC02-21…, and Chirambwe v President of the Republic of Zimbabwe & Others CC04–21.

In the words used in King and Others v Attorneys Fidelity Fund Board of Control and Another 2006 (1) 474 (SCA), subordinate courts must not impermissibly attenuate the jurisdictional exclusion of section 167(2)(d) of the Constitution because it could not have been the intention of the legislature in enacting section 175[1] of the Constitution to dilute the exclusivity enjoined by the Constitutional Court by opening the floodgates for courts inferior to it to join the fray on such matters....,.

If a decision, act, or conduct of the President is susceptible to being set aside on the basis that the President failed to fulfil a constitutional obligation, then, only the Constitutional Court would have the jurisdiction to make such a declaration.

In Moyo v Chacha & Ors 2017 (2) ZLR 142 (CC) …, while commenting on the definition of a “constitutional matter” that is provided by the Constitution, the Constitutional Court stated as follows:

“The import of the definition of 'constitutional matter' is that the Constitutional Court would be generally concerned with the determination of matters raising questions of law, the resolution of which require the interpretation, protection, or enforcement of the Constitution.

The Constitutional Court has no competence to hear and determine issues that do not involve the interpretation or enforcement of the Constitution or are not connected with a decision on issues involving the interpretation, protection, or enforcement of the Constitution.”

The defining character of a constitutional matter is the interpretation or enforcement or protection of the Constitution.

Thus, it has been stressed that the mere reference to a provision of the Constitution does not imbue a matter with constitutional character.

The opposite, though less persuasive, may also true.

The absence of a reference to the Constitution does not mean that a matter is not a constitutional matter, although, in most constitutional matters, there generally would be reference to the Constitution: see Bere v Judicial Service Commission & Ors CC10-22…,.

As stated in Moyo v Chacha & Ors 2017 (2) ZLR 142 (CC), one must simply be satisfied that a matter raises questions of law, the resolution of which require the interpretation, protection, or enforcement of the Constitution.

A related issue of important consideration is the point at which a matter assumes constitutional character.

In Bere v Judicial Service Commission & Ors CC10-22, the Constitutional Court held that a constitutional matter cannot arise for the first time on appeal when it was not available or in existence in the subordinate court. At p14, it was stressed that:

“In order to determine whether or not there was a constitutional matter before the court a quo, the dispute must be traced back to the court of origin, in this case, the High Court.”...,.

In the case of Sibangani v Bindura University of Science Education CC07-22…, the Constitutional Court set out the importance of properly pleading jurisdiction in constitutional matters. The Court stated:

“[20]…,. An applicant must set out either the facts or the law that would form the basis of the jurisdiction of the Court in his or her cause. It is insufficient for an applicant, without more, to merely cite a provision of the Constitution and assume that the Court's jurisdiction is triggered. The existence of jurisdiction is an objective fact derived from the founding affidavit. It must also find expression in a draft order which speaks to the relief concerned with a constitutional matter for adjudication by the Court….,.”…,.

The court went on to state:

“[22] The need to plead jurisdiction, which in our jurisdiction is laid down in the rules of this Court, was more incisively pronounced in another decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, namely, Gcaba v Minister for Safety and Security [2009] ZACC 26; 2010 (1) SA 238 (CC) at para 75. The Court held that:

'Jurisdiction is determined on the basis of the pleadings, as LANGA CJ held in Chirwa, and not the substantive merits of the case….,.

In the event of the Court's jurisdiction being challenged at the outset (in limine), the applicant's pleadings are the determining factor. They contain the legal basis of the claim under which the applicant has chosen to invoke the Court's competence.

While the pleadings, including in motion proceedings, not only the formal terminology of the notice of motion but also the contents of the supporting affidavits, must be interpreted to establish what the legal basis of the applicant's claim is; it is not for the Court to say that the facts asserted by the applicant would also sustain another claim, cognisable only in another court.'”…,.

This is an appeal against the whole judgment of the High Court (“the court a quo”) handed down on 7 July 2022 in which it declined to assume jurisdiction in respect of an application filed by the appellant for the review of the recommendations of the second, third and fourth respondents in accordance with which the first respondent removed her from the office of Judge of the High Court.

Until 17 June 2021, the appellant was a sitting Judge of the High Court. She was removed from that office by the first respondent, the President of the Republic of Zimbabwe, acting in terms of section 187(8) of the Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 (“the Constitution”).

Whenever the question of the removal of a sitting Judge arises, the Judicial Service Commission informs the first respondent, who, in terms of section 187(3) of the Constitution, is required to appoint a Tribunal to inquire into that question.

The second, third, and fourth respondents are members of the Tribunal appointed by the first respondent to inquire into the question of removing the appellant from the office of Judge of the High Court.

The salient facts are generally not in dispute and may be traced back to 9 October 2020, on which date the Judicial Service Commission advised the first respondent that a question of whether the appellant had to be removed from the office of Judge of the High Court had arisen.

On 5 November 2020, by dint of Proclamation 7 of 2020 published in Statutory Instrument 261B of 2020, the first respondent established a Tribunal constituted by the second, third, and fourth respondents to inquire into the aforementioned question of the removal from office of the appellant.

The Tribunal would conduct its business for a period of five months, from the date of the swearing in of its members.

The members of the Tribunal were duly sworn in on 18 November 2020, thereby triggering their mandate.

On 8 December 2020, the Tribunal served the appellant with a letter informing her of the matters into which it would inquire, chief among which was whether she had been grossly incompetent in performing or omitting to perform the acts mentioned in that letter.

The particulars of the matters into which the Tribunal would inquire are not germane to the resolution of this appeal.

The hearing before the Tribunal commenced on 18 March 2021 and was concluded on 22 April 2021 after several witnesses, and the appellant herself, had presented evidence.

The parties appearing before the Tribunal were thereafter requested to file their closing submissions, with the appellant being requested to submit her final response on 4 May 2021.

On 17 June 2021, having concluded its investigations, the Tribunal presented its recommendations to the first respondent.

The Tribunal found the appellant guilty of gross incompetence.

By letter of the same day, the Chief Secretary to the President and Cabinet advised the Honourable Chief Justice of Zimbabwe, that, the Tribunal had recommended the removal of the appellant from office for gross incompetence and that the first respondent had accordingly removed the appellant from office.

Against this background, the appellant harboured grievances. On 25 August 2021, she filed a court application for review in terms of sections 26 and 27 of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] as read with Rule 60 of the High Court Rules 2021. The appellant advanced multiple grounds of review.

Among the grounds was that the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to inquire into the question of her removal after 18 May 2021 since its five-month tenure had lapsed.

She added, that, it was grossly irregular for the Tribunal to disregard her preliminary objections on the basis of what had occurred during an earlier inquiry involving the removal of another Judge and not during her own inquiry.

It was also contended, that, it was a gross irregularity for the Tribunal to find her guilty of gross incompetence when she had not been charged with such a misconduct....,.

All in all, the appellant advanced no less than eight grounds of review...,.

the appellant made reference to section 190(4) of the Constitution intending to explain that the Tribunal ignored the preliminary point that she raised.

As a preliminary point, she had argued that she was first supposed to be subjected to the constitutional disciplinary procedure provided for in section 190(4) of the Constitution before the Tribunal could proceed to enquire into the matters that were before it.

The appellant also referred to section 69 of the Constitution, suggesting that the preliminary points she raised were of crucial importance to her right to a fair hearing before an independent and impartial Tribunal....,.

The appellant also made reference to section 56 of the Constitution in paragraph 15.5 of her founding affidavit to support her contention that the Tribunal did not consider the preliminary objection that the Judicial Service Commission submitted her matter to the first respondent without following the provisions of Statutory Instrument 107 of 2012.

She sought to make the point, that, the same provisions were followed in the case involving Mr Justice Bere who had earlier on been subjected to an inquiry.

Thus, reference to section 56 of the Constitution was intended to demonstrate, bearing in mind the imperativeness of the right to equality, that the Tribunal failed to pronounce on an important preliminary point....,.

On the allegation that she was not given a right to address the Tribunal in mitigation and to be heard on the appropriate penalty, the appellant averred in paragraph 14.7 of her founding affidavit that:

“The 1st Respondent was misled when the Tribunal members claimed that there were no extenuating circumstances when these could not be considered in the absence of a hearing in mitigation.”

On that score, she added that the recommendations to the first respondent, and his subsequent decision, ought to be set aside because he “ought only to act on recommendations properly reached after following due legal process.”

On the failure to determine the preliminary points she raised before the Tribunal, the appellant avowed that such a failure constituted a gross irregularity that vitiated the recommendation by the second, third, and fourth respondents as well as the subsequent decision of the first respondent.

This is set out in paragraph 15.7 of the appellant's founding affidavit.

Thereafter, the appellant canvassed the allegation that she was not provided with documents that would be relied on during the Tribunal proceedings. On that point, she concluded in paragraph 17 of her founding affidavit thus:

“It is my view that I have made a case for the review of the recommendations of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Respondent to be set aside, together with the subsequent decision of the 1st Respondent on this additional ground.”...,.

Essentially, the appellant argues that the decision of the first respondent is invalid simply because it is predicated upon recommendations that are null and unlawful due to the procedural irregularities cited.

It is trite that if an act is a nullity, then, nothing can stand on it.

Thus, taken to its logical conclusion, the appellant's basis for impeaching the first respondent's decision is that his decision is invalid since there were no lawful and valid recommendations in terms of which a decision could be taken, as stipulated by section 187(8) of the Constitution.

Whether the recommendations of the second, third, and fourth respondents are null and unlawful is a question that has not been adjudicated upon and determined. They can only be regarded as such when so declared by a court of competent jurisdiction.

They are presumed to be valid. As things stand, the recommendations are only voidable.

In this regard, the famous remarks of LORD DENNING, in MacFoy v United Africa Company Limited [1961] 3 All ER 1169 (PC)…, remain true:

“But, if an act is only voidable, then, it is not automatically void. It is only an irregularity which may be waived. It is not to be avoided unless something is done to avoid it. There must be an order of the Court setting it aside: and the Court has discretion whether to set it aside or not. It will do so if justice demands but not otherwise. Meanwhile, it remains good and a support for all that has been done under it.”...,.

Drawing on an analogy of the facts in the case of Gonese & Anor v Parliament of Zimbabwe & Ors CC04-20, counsel for the appellant correctly argued, that, it is possible for an act, law, conduct, or decision to be set aside even after it has been concluded or finalised.

The famous remarks of LORD DENNING, in MacFoy v United Africa Company Limited [1961] 3 All ER 1169 (PC)…, remain true:

“But, if an act is only voidable, then, it is not automatically void. It is only an irregularity which may be waived. It is not to be avoided unless something is done to avoid it. There must be an order of the Court setting it aside: and the Court has discretion whether to set it aside or not. It will do so if justice demands but not otherwise. Meanwhile, it remains good and a support for all that has been done under it.”

But, even if the appellant had properly pleaded a proper jurisdictional basis for the relief she sought, the High Court would still not have the competence to set aside the decision of the first respondent for yet another reason.

It is that only the Constitutional Court has the jurisdiction to set aside the decision of the first respondent on the ground that it is at variance with and predicated upon a failure to fulfil his constitutional obligations.

The decision sought to be set aside, which relates to the role of the Executive in the removal of Judges, can also be said, on the authority of Mliswa v Parliament of the Republic of Zimbabwe CC02-21, to be a constitutional decision bearing upon the comity between the Executive and the Judicial arms of the State.

For that reason, it must be passed upon by the highest court in constitutional matters.

On the test espoused in Chirambwe v President of the Republic of Zimbabwe & Others CC04–21 for determining whether a matter falls within section 167(2)(d) of the Constitution, the unavoidable conclusion is that the issues raised and the relief sought against the first respondent would demonstrably constitute an intrusion into the domain of the President's powers and obligations in the removal of Judges.

What fortifies this view is the fact, that, before this Court, the submissions made on behalf of the appellant strongly suggested, that, the basis upon which the decision of the first respondent would be set aside is that the first respondent has a duty to ensure that the Constitution, and other laws, are faithfully observed.

That suggestion is reinforced in the appellant's heads of argument filed with this Court.

In paragraph 3.14 of the appellant's heads of argument, after citing section 90(1) of the Constitution, providing for the first respondent's duty to uphold, defend, obey, and respect the Constitution, as the supreme law of the nation, and to ensure that the Constitution, and all the other laws, are faithfully observed, the submission is made that:

“3.1.4. As is clear from this constitutional provision, the 1st Respondent has a duty to ensure that the Constitution, and all other laws of the land, are faithfully observed. That this duty extends to decisions made in terms of section 187(8) of the Constitution is without a doubt. Section 187(8) of the Constitution states that;

'The President must act in accordance with the tribunal's recommendation in terms of subsection 7.'”…,.

The appellant contends, that, it is compliance with the Constitution, and all other laws of the land, that makes the first respondent's decision a decision in terms of the Constitution.

In paragraph 3.15 of her heads of argument, the appellant adds, that, the first respondent acts in accordance with the recommendation of a Tribunal established in terms of section 187(3) of the Constitution in his capacity as the President of Zimbabwe, and thus “he remains duty-bound to ensure that the removal of a Judge from office is in accordance with the Constitution and all other laws.”

In paragraph 3.16 she further argues that the word 'ensure' means that the first respondent “has a constitutional responsibility to make sure that the removal process is done in accordance with the law.”

Without repeating what I have already said, it suffices to state, that, from the heads of argument, the appellant also appreciates that her basis for setting aside the decision of the first respondent would be his failure to fulfil a constitutional obligation.

That requires a determination that can only be made by the Constitutional Court.

Counsel for the appellant also sought to argue, that, the court a quo had jurisdiction on the basis of the decision of this court in Sobusa Gula Ndebele v Bhunu SC29–11.

In that case, the appellant therein, a former Attorney-General, approached the High Court seeking the review of the proceedings of the Tribunal whose inquiry led to a decision to have him removed from the office of Attorney-General by the President.

Having failed to cite the President, the High Court held, that, the President was a necessary party who ought to have been cited. On that basis, the High Court dismissed the application because of the non-joinder of the President.

It was counsel for the appellant's view, that, the fact that, on appeal, this Court did not raise the jurisdictional question, meant that the High Court had jurisdiction to review the recommendations of a Tribunal after the President has acted upon them.

Sobusa Gula Ndebele v Bhunu SC29–11 is distinguishable.

This is principally because it predates the current Constitution in terms of which certain constitutional matters, such as the application a quo, which invites a court to set aside a decision in the domain of the President's constitutional powers, fall within the exclusive remit of the Constitutional Court unlike in Sobusa Gula Ndebele v Bhunu SC29–11.

Quite differently, this case concerns the jurisdiction of the High Court to review a decision of the President removing a judge from office.

It inherently involves a question whether the President would have failed to fulfil a constitutional obligation.

As I have already stated, the power to determine the appertaining question and to set aside the decision is effectively reposed in the Constitutional Court by section 167(2)(d) of the current Constitution.

It follows, that, Sobusa Gula Ndebele v Bhunu SC29–11 may not be relied on to persuade this court to find that the court a quo could have jurisdiction that is manifestly at variance with the provisions of section 167(2)(d) of the Constitution - an obvious aberration of our current Constitution.

This appeal essentially requires this court to determine whether the court a quo would have jurisdiction to review the recommendations of the second, third, and fourth respondents and the subsequent decision of the first respondent - especially considering that the decision of the first respondent completed the process of the removal of the appellant from office.

For different reasons than those advanced by the court a quo, I conclude, in light of the relief sought by the appellant in respect of the first respondent's decision, and the apparent failure to plead a proper jurisdictional basis, that, the High Court would not have the requisite jurisdiction to set aside the first respondent's decision.

Once it is accepted, that, the court a quo would not have had complete jurisdiction over the application that was before it, this appeal cannot succeed.

The next important inquiry would be the appropriate order to be made....,.

In Chombo v National Prosecuting Authority & Ors SC158-21, the court struck the appeal off the roll because it was based on a decision reached without jurisdiction. In other words, no appeal could lie against a decision marred by lack of jurisdiction....,.

The court a quo did not exercise jurisdiction on the merits of the application...,.

The instant appeal is restricted to the question of the court a quo's findings on its lack of jurisdiction....,.

Having found that, indeed, the court a quo had no jurisdiction, this appeal cannot be allowed. It must accordingly fail, and, as such, the appropriate order is the dismissal of the appeal....,.

The appeal is dismissed with each party to bear its own costs.

In Chombo v National Prosecuting Authority & Ors SC158-21, the court struck the appeal off the roll because it was based on a decision reached without jurisdiction.

In other words, no appeal could lie against a decision marred by lack of jurisdiction.