This is an appeal against the whole judgment of the Fiscal Appeal Court HH20-20 dated 8 January 2020. The court a quo dismissed the appellant's appeal against the decision of the Commissioner in respect of assessed tax and confirmed its amended income assessment made by the Commissioner on 2 September 2015.
The appellant is a company, with limited liability, duly incorporated in terms of the laws of Zimbabwe. It carries on the business of mining platinum in an area known as Middleridge Claims in Zimbabwe.
The appellant and a related company, known as Southridge Limited, are subsidiaries of a registered company known as AmZim Holdings Limited Group ('Amzim'). Amzim is, in turn, a member of the Anglo American Group ('Amhold').
Anglo American Group (Amhold) is not a trading or operating entity and is also not a Zimbabwean company. It merely holds all the shares in the appellant.
The respondent is a statutory body established in terms of section 3 of the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority Act [Chapter 23:11]. Its mandate is, amongst others, to assess and collect revenue on behalf of Government.
The appellant is the holder of a Special Mining Lease issued to it in March 2008 by the Government of Zimbabwe ('GOZ') in respect of the mining of platinum in an area known as Middleridge Claims. The appellant and Southridge Limited, for the purpose of facilitating the participation of other players in the platinum industry, ceded platinum claims (Bougai and Kironde) to the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ) in an agreement signed between the relevant parties on 25 March 2008 (the 'cession agreement').
On 1 November 2012, the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ), the National Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Fund, Anglo American Platinum Limited, AmZim Holdings Limited Group (Amzim), Southridge Limited and the appellant entered into an agreement to implement the indigenisation implementation plan and indigenisation transaction.
The agreement also provided for the 51 per cent equity ownership in Anglo American Group (Amhold) being issued to Indigenous Entities.
The founding document of the agreement was termed the Heads of Agreement ('Heads of Agreement'). The Heads of Agreement are part of an agreement in fulfilment of the indigenisation laws of Zimbabwe and was consequent upon the cessation agreement signed on 25 March 2008.
In 2007, the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ) enacted the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act No.14 of 2007 [Chapter 14:33] ('the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act'). The Act came into operation on 17 April 2008.
On 23 November 2011, a Deed of Trust for the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust ('the Trust') was founded. The founders of the Trust were Saviour Kasukuwere, the then Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment representing the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ), July Ndlovu duly authorised to represent Anglo American Group (Amhold), Collin Chibata duly authorised to represent the appellant, Gilbert Dhaidhai, Christmas Ndanga, Toendepi Banga, Walter Nemasasi, and James Pasipano Maposa as founding trustees.
The Trust Deed was to be read together with the Indigenisation Implementation Plan signed on 12 August 2012.
On 15 April 2010, Anglo American Group (Amhold) submitted its initial indigenization implementation plan under the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment (General) Regulations, 2010 Statutory Instrument 21 of 2010 ('the Regulations'), which also covered its local subsidiaries, to the Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment for approval.
The indigenisation implementation plan was revised, initially on 7 June 2012, and finally approved on 10 August 2012.
In terms of the final approved indigenisation implementation plan, Anglo American Group (Amhold) committed to donate US$10 million as seed capital to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust through the appellant, its subsidiary.
The actual payment of the US$10 million donation was thus made by the appellant.
On 30 May 2011, the appellant submitted its self-assessment for the tax year ending 31 December 2011 wherein it claimed, inter alia, the US$10 million as a deduction against its taxable income in terms of section 15 of the Income Tax Act [Chapter 23:06] (the 'Income Tax Act') as read with paragraph 4(1)(a) of the Twenty-Second Schedule to the Income Tax Act, thereby reducing its taxable income by that amount.
The assessment by the appellant showed an assessed loss of US$41,652,575.
The total expenses, excluding interest and tax, were in the sum of US$30,254,951 which included the sum of US$10 million donation categorised in its financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011 as “Contribution to Community Share Trust”.
The respondent then carried out an investigation on the tax compliance of the appellant on 12 November 2012 for the period January 2009 to December 2012.
On 2 September 2015, the respondent issued to the appellant an amended Manual Notice of Assessment for income tax (Assessment Number 1/5114) for the year ending 31 December 2011, in which, inter alia, the respondent disallowed as a deduction the said sum of US$10 million donation.
A dispute arose between the appellant and the respondent as both parties disagreed over the nature of the appellant's payment of the US$10 million donation.
The appellant filed a notice of objection, on 11 November 2015, to the amended notice of assessment dated 2 September 2015.
In making the objection, the appellant argued that it had made the US$10 million payment in compliance with the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act and the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Regulations.
The appellant alleged that it had an indigenisation implementation plan approved by the Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment in terms of which it was obliged to make a payment of US$10 million to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust. Consequently, the appellant contended that the payment was of a revenue nature, as it was incurred for the purpose of trade or in the production of income.
On 13 April 2016, the respondent disallowed the objection and reasoned that the US$10 million payment was not made wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the special mining lease operations but largely for obtaining approval of the indigenisation implementation plan. It also determined that the expenditure of the US$10 million was of a capital nature.
Aggrieved by the decision of the respondent, the appellant lodged an appeal with the court a quo on 11 July 2016.
The parties filed a Statement of Agreed Facts on 30 November 2017.
The parties were in agreement that the appellant paid the sum of US$10 million to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust. The parties were also agreed that the appellant contended that the payment was made in part fulfilment of its legal obligation to indigenise in terms of the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act, and, as such, the payment was a deduction against its taxable income in terms of section 15 of the Income Tax Act. It was agreed that the respondent, on the other hand, contended that the appellant did not have any legal obligation to pay the money to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust, and, as such, the payment was of a capital and not revenue nature.
On 20 March 2017, a Pre-Appeal Meeting was held and a pre-appeal minute was agreed between the parties wherein the issue for determination was stated as follows:
“(a) Whether the expenditure (payment of US$10 million to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Scheme made in 2011) claimed as a deduction is allowable as such.”
On 8 January 2020, the court a quo, in determining the appeal, found that the donation of US$10 million was not designed to establish, improve, or add to the income earning capacity nor did it generate any income for the appellant hence it was not of a revenue nature but capital. The court a quo agreed with the respondent, that, the disbursed US$10 million was designed to preserve the appellant's income-earning structure hence it was expenditure of a capital nature and not of a revenue nature.
The court a quo also dismissed the appellant's contention, that, the US$10 million was paid in compliance with the indigenisation implementation laws of Zimbabwe and on the provisions of the indigenisation implementation plan.
The court a quo found, that, the disbursement was a donation which had been made by the appellant on behalf of its holding company, Anglo American Group (Amhold), which was a separate legal entity, and, as such, the appellant could not claim a deduction of the same.
The court further found that the provisions of the Indigenisation Act, and its Regulations, did not require the appellant to make any donation in order to be indigenous compliant as it was a Zimbabwean company.
In the result, the court made the following order:
“1. The appeal be and is hereby is (sic) dismissed in its entirety.
2. The amended assessment issued by the Commissioner, on 2 September 2015, be and is hereby confirmed.
3. Each party shall bear its own costs.”
Dissatisfied by the decision of the court a quo, the appellant noted the present appeal on the following grounds of appeal:
“1. The learned Judge erred at law in finding, in the main, that the payment of US$10 million to a Community Share Ownership Trust was a donation to such trust. He ought to have found that the payment was made to satisfy Appellant's legal obligation to comply with Zimbabwe's indigenous laws.
2. The learned Judge erred at law in making the following incidental/ancillary findings against Appellant:
(a) The Appellant was not obliged to comply with indigenisation despite it being a business as defined and obliged to be indigenous compliant in terms of the law.
(b) Having earlier found, that, the Appellant's parent company had submitted an indigenisation plan for itself and its subsidiaries (including Appellant), later contradicted himself in finding that:
'Appellant could not rely on an indigenisation implementation plan that did not relate to it to claim the deduction in question.'
3. The learned Judge erred at law in finding that the payment of US$10 million to the Trust was expenditure of a capital and not of a revenue nature.”
The appellant's grounds of appeal, in my view, raise the following issues for determination:
1. Whether or not the appellant was obliged, at law, to donate the sum of US$10 million to the Community Share Ownership Trust?
2. Whether or not the court a quo erred in finding that the payment of US$10 million to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust was expenditure of a capital and not of a revenue nature?
SUBMISSIONS BEFORE THIS COURT
Counsel for the appellant submitted, that, the US$10 million donated by the appellant to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust was not a donation in the strict sense considering the context in which the payment was made. He insisted that the appellant was obligated to make the donation in order to be compliant with the requirement for indigenisation in accordance with the indigenisation laws of Zimbabwe.
Counsel further submitted, that, the payment was a deductible expenditure of a revenue nature because it was for licensing purposes in order for the appellant to trade. He contended, that, had the appellant not made the donation, its mining license would have been revoked.
He thus urged the Court to allow the appeal.
Per contra, counsel for the respondent submitted, that, the donation was a donation proper which is not deductible in terms of part 4(a) of the Twenty Second Schedule of the Income Tax Act.
He contended, that, the donation did not benefit the appellant but was designed to benefit Anglo American Group (Amhold), its parent company, a third party.
In any event, it was his contention that there was no legal obligation on the appellant to make the donation or to be compliant with the indigenisation laws of Zimbabwe.
Counsel explained, that, no consequence would have befallen the appellant had it not made the donation, and, even if there would have been any such consequence, it would have befallen the parent company, Anglo American Group (Amhold), which had the obligation to indigenise and not the appellant.
He also submitted, that, the amendment to the Income Tax Act allowing deductions of payments made to Community Share Ownership Trusts was only made on 1 January 2013, hence, the appellant could not claim a deduction in its tax assessment report compiled in 2011 in relation to the donation as the amendment did not apply retrospectively.
ANALYSIS
Whether or not the appellant was obliged, at law, to donate the sum of US$10 million to the Community Share Ownership Trust
The appellant's contention is that the payment of US$10 million to Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust was made in compliance with the indigenisation laws of Zimbabwe to enable it to continue operating its special lease mining operations.
Further, that the payment was for purposes of trade or in production of income and not of a capital nature.
On the other hand, the respondent maintained that the payment of US$10 million by the appellant was strictly a donation as there was no legal obligation on it to make the donation.
Further, that the legal obligation to be compliant with the indigenisation laws was on the parent company, Anglo American Group (Amhold), and not the appellant.
It was also submitted, for the respondent, that, the payment could only have been of a capital nature as it was not paid for the purpose of trade or production of income.
The resolution of this appeal, in my view, revolves upon the determination of whether or not the appellant had a legal obligation to make the payment of US$10 million. In the event that it did, then, the court must then determine whether the payment was of capital or revenue in nature.
It should be borne in mind, from the onset, that, the relationship between the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ), AmZim Holdings Limited Group (Amzim) and its subsidiary companies has always been regulated by different laws and agreements.
The Heads of Agreement were signed between the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ), Anglo American Platinum Limited, Amzim Holdings Limited, Southridge Limited, and the appellant.
Clause 1.4 of the agreement provides for Amzim Holdings Limited, which is a member of the Anglo American Group ('Amhold'). The appellant and Southridge Limited are in turn members of the Anglo American Group.
Clause 2.15 of the agreement further defines 'Amhold Group' means “Amhold and all its direct and indirect subsidiaries including Unki Mine…,.”
Clause 4.2 of the agreement provides for the nature of the indigenisation transaction as follows:
“…,. 51% equity ownership of Amhold shall be issued to the indigenous entities, utilising a notional vendor funded mechanism to be facilitated by Amhold. The implementation of the Indigenisation Transaction will result in the Amhold Group being in compliance with the indigenisation Requirements for the duration of the Indigenisation Compliance Period.”
Clause 9.2.1 of the agreement is also worth quoting as it provides as follows:
“…, following the implementation of the Indigenisation Implementation Plan, through the Indigenisation Transaction, each member of the Amhold Group shall qualify as, and shall for the duration of the Indigenious Compliance Period continue to qualify as, an Indigenous Entity in compliance with the Indigenous Act…,.”…,.
An Indigenous Entity is further defined in the agreement, under clause 2.1.49, as follows:
“means a company in which issued shares are owned, directly or indirectly, by Indigenous Zimbabweans in the percentage proportion no less than that prescribed from time to time under the Indigenisation Act as the 'minimum indigenisation and empowerment quota'…,.”
Lastly, clause 3.4 of the agreement provides for the indigenisation implementation plan which was submitted by Anglo American Group (Amhold) and approved by the Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment in accordance with the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act.
The collective effect of the provisions of the Heads of Agreement show that Anglo American Group (Amhold) is the parent company which has subsidiary companies, being the appellant and Southridge Limited.
Further, it can be deduced that it is the parent company which submitted an indigenisation implementation plan which was approved by the Minister.
It should also be noted, that, it was an agreed provision between the parties to the agreement that the parent company was obligated to issue 51 per cent of its shares to indigenous entities in compliance with the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment Act.
The Heads of Agreement further make it clear, that, during the implementation of the indigenisation plan, the subsidiary companies of Anglo American Group (Amhold) were to be treated as indigenous companies owned by indigenous Zimbabweans.
It is thus apparent that the indigenisation laws and agreements placed an obligation on Anglo American Group (Amhold) to issue 51 per cent of its shares in order to comply with the indigenisation laws of Zimbabwe.
It was the parent company that was given that legal mandate as it is a foreign entity and not its subsidiary companies.
It thus follows, that, the Heads of Agreement and indigenous implementation plan were made for and on behalf of Anglo American Group (Amhold) so that it is able to fulfil its legal obligations, as a foreign company.
Having arrived at this conclusion, the Court must determine whether or not the appellant, as a subsidiary of Anglo American Group (Amhold), had a legal obligation to make the payment of US$10 million.
Clause 5.3 of the Heads of Agreement provide as follows;
“5.3 It is hereby recorded, that, as part of the indigenisation implementation plan, Amhold has donated US$10,000,000 to the Community Trust for purposes, inter alia, funding community projects.”
The Heads of Agreement show that the US$10 million was donated by Anglo American Group (Amhold), the holding company of the appellant, to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust for purposes of funding community projects.
It is quite apparent from the record that Anglo American Group (Amhold) is a separate company from its subsidiary companies. Consequently, the appellant could not claim a deduction, based on the donation, because it was not incurred by it but by the holding company.
It is trite, that, a holding company is a separate legal entity for income tax purposes: see GC (Pvt) Ltd v Commissioner-General ZIMRA 2015 (2) ZLR 116.
In the Anglo American Group (Amhold) revised indigenisation implementation plan, dated 5 June 2012, it was stated that:
“…, in November 2011, Unki donated US$10 million as seed capital to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust ('TSOT').”
The revised plan further showed that Anglo American Platinum Limited (through its subsidiaries, the appellant and Southridge Limited, together being AmZim Holdings Limited Group (Amzim)), donated US$10 million and further implemented a phase allocation of shares which would amount to 51 per cent.
In the implementation of the phase allocation of the shares, the appellant retained 100 per cent of its shares and Southridge Limited retained 88.8 per cent.
It is thus clear, from the revised plan, that, the US$10 million payment made by the appellant was made on behalf of its parent company.
In GC (Pvt) Ltd v Commissioner General ZIMRA 2015 (2) ZLR 116, the principle was laid down that a taxpayer is not entitled to make deductions in respect of expenses incurred by other companies in the same Group.
Each individual company must be assessed according to its own taxes.
Thus, the argument that the appellant paid the US$10 million to comply with the indigenization laws of Zimbabwe is without merit as it had no legal obligation to do so. It was Anglo American Group (Amhold), the holding company, that was required, by law, to transfer 51 per cent ownership shares, as a foreign-owned company, to indigenous entities.
The fact that the appellant paid the money on behalf of Anglo American Group (Amhold) is of no moment.
There was no legal obligation on the appellant, in any way, for it to donate US$10 million to the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust.
If there was, the appellant has not provided the basis mandating it to do so.
The donation was an agreed amount that foreign mining companies pledged to donate to give effect to the indigenisation and empowerment schemes initiated by the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ).
The main object of the Tongogara Rural District Community Share Ownership Trust was to use the proceeds of the Trust Assets to undertake various development programmes for the benefit of the residents of the area.
It is for this reason that it was Anglo American Group (Amhold) which submitted the indigenization implementation plan as required by the indigenisation laws.
The entity which should have obtained an indigenisation clearance certificate is Anglo American Group (Amhold) and not the appellant. Hence, the agreement records that it was Anglo American Group (Amhold) that donated the US$10 million to the Community Share Ownership Trust through the appellant.
In this vein, it cannot be said that the court a quo erred in reaching the conclusion, that, the indigenisation implementation plan was that of the holding company and that the appellant made the payment for Anglo American Group (Amhold) in fulfilment of obligations it had committed to meet under that plan.
In our view, the decision arrived at by the court a quo cannot be faulted.
The provisions of the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act and its Regulations did not place a legal obligation on the appellant to donate to a Community Trust for it to be indigenous compliant.
The parent company was obligated, at law, to comply with the indigenisation legislation by disposing of 51 per cent of its shareholding to indigenous partners which it did in its revised indigenous implementation plan which was approved by the Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment.
Having, concluded that the appellant had no legal obligation to comply with the indigenous laws and be indigenous compliant so as to enable it to continue operating its special mining license, it follows that the appellant did not have a legal obligation to pay the US$10 million.
It is our view, that, in these circumstances, it is not necessary to determine whether or not the payment was of a capital or revenue nature in order to dispose of this appeal. In the same vein, it was also not necessary for the court a quo to have determined this issue.
Moreover, even if the appellant had made the payment on its own behalf, it was not entitled to claim such a deduction of the donation under the Income Tax Act in 2011, because, at that time it was made, the law did not allow for such a deduction.
The provisions of section 15(2)(ii) of the Income Tax Act only came into force on 1 January 2013 and hence it would not have been applicable to the appellant's case as it did not have retrospective effect.
DISPOSITION
It is our view that the judgment of the court a quo cannot be impugned.
The donation of USD$10 million was paid by the appellant on behalf of its holding company, Anglo American Group (Amhold), which is a separate legal entity. The appellant had no legal obligation to comply with the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act.
The appeal is thus devoid of merit.
The respondent has been successful in resisting the appeal and is therefore entitled to costs. In the result, it is accordingly ordered as follows:
The appeal be and is hereby dismissed with costs.
