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HMT12-21 - EMMANUEL RENSBURG vs KENNEDY NGIRAZI and NAN JIANG MINE (PVT) LTD and MEGAMANIA AUCTIONEERS and THE HIGH COURT SHERIFF (N.O.)

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Procedural Law-viz citation re party acting in an official capacity iro nominee officii.
Procedural Law-viz citation re party acting in an official capacity iro nominus officiae.
Procedural Law-viz citation re party acting in an official capacity iro non-officio.
Procedural Law-viz appeal re leave to execute pending appeal.
Procedural Law-viz appeal re the right of appeal iro leave to execute pending appeal.
Law of Property-viz res litigiosa re the anti-dissipation interdict.
Procedural Law-viz jurisdiction re judicial deference iro assessment of prospects on appeal.
Procedural Law-viz appeal re the principle that the noting of an appeal automatically suspends the execution of the judgment appealed against iro leave to execute pending appeal.
Procedural Law-viz appeal re the rule that the noting of an appeal automatically suspends the operation of the order appealed against iro leave to execute pending appeal.
Procedural Law-viz final orders re equity relief.
Procedural Law-viz pleadings re belated proceedings iro non-pleaded issues.
Procedural Law-viz pleadings re belated proceedings iro matters not specifically pleaded.
Procedural Law-viz judicial sale in execution re Rule 340 of the High Court Rules.
Procedural Law-viz judicial sale in execution re Rule 359 of the High Court Rules.
Procedural Law-viz suspension of orders pending appeal re the rule that the noting of an appeal automatically suspends the enforcement of the judgment appealed against iro leave to execute pending appeal.
Procedural Law-viz suspension of orders pending appeal re the principle that the noting of an appeal automatically suspends the operation of the order appealed against iro leave to execute pending appeal.
Procedural Law-viz appeal re leave to execute pending appeal iro tender of security.
Procedural Law-viz belated pleadings re new matters raised for the first time in appeal proceedings iro point of law.
Procedural Law-viz issues not specifically pleaded re issues raised for the first time in appeal proceedings iro points of law.
Procedural Law-viz non-pleaded issues re fresh issues raised for the first time in appeal proceedings iro point of law.
Procedural Law-viz grounds of appeal re matters raised for the first time in appeal proceedings iro point of law.
Procedural Law-viz grounds for appeal re issues introduced for the first time in appeal proceedings iro points of law.
Law of Property-viz passing of ownership re implied lawful right of ownership.

Contract of Sale re: Types of Sales, Third Party Eviction, Possession, Ownership and the Passing of Risk and Title


Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

Pleadings re: Belated Pleadings, Matters Raised Mero Motu by the Court and the Doctrine of Notice iro Approach


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340....,.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal iro Belated Pleadings & Judicial Mero Motu


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340....,.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Approach and the Right of Appeal


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340.

The fourth respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant, the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the applicant by delaying the inevitable.

The first and second respondents counsel, on the other hand, submitted, that, the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

The first and second respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the Notice of Appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the first and second respondents, they have an arguable case on appeal. To them, the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended, that, the court erred in declaring the applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated Rule 340 of the High Court Rules. Moreso when the first and second respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

The first and second respondents further submitted, that, there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the applicant. The respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced, for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued, on behalf of the first and second respondents, that, the applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the first and second respondents have tendered security, the applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally, the first and second respondents submitted, that, the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal, the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether the application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) The potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the appellant if leave is granted;

(b) Conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent, on appeal, if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) The prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) Where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience:

See Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H).

The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable: see South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A)…,.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances: see Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S)…,.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure: see Pfumbidzayi v State HH726-15; Chikumba v State HH724-15.

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is, in my view, the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently, whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance, to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing, whether the appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

In my own view, I conclude, that, the first and second respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court; they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised; in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that the applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchase.

In any case, the nature of the order being sought by the applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The first and second respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the fourth respondent. They are still benefitting from its use, possibly earning money from its use, and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by the first and second respondents by paying the debt, not for the applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the first and second respondents. The applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the applicant costs as prayed for by the applicant.

The conduct of the first and second respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40-20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.

Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Suspension of Orders Pending Appeal & Quasi-Judicial Rulings


The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

Res Litigiosa, Caveats, the Anti-Dissipation Interdict and Liability for Disposal of Encumbered Property


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340.

The fourth respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant, the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the applicant by delaying the inevitable.

The first and second respondents counsel, on the other hand, submitted, that, the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

The first and second respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the Notice of Appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the first and second respondents, they have an arguable case on appeal. To them, the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended, that, the court erred in declaring the applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated Rule 340 of the High Court Rules. Moreso when the first and second respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

The first and second respondents further submitted, that, there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the applicant. The respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced, for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued, on behalf of the first and second respondents, that, the applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the first and second respondents have tendered security, the applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally, the first and second respondents submitted, that, the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal, the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether the application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) The potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the appellant if leave is granted;

(b) Conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent, on appeal, if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) The prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) Where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience:

See Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H).

The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable: see South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A)…,.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances: see Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S)…,.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure: see Pfumbidzayi v State HH726-15; Chikumba v State HH724-15.

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is, in my view, the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently, whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance, to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing, whether the appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

In my own view, I conclude, that, the first and second respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court; they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised; in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that the applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchase.

In any case, the nature of the order being sought by the applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The first and second respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the fourth respondent. They are still benefitting from its use, possibly earning money from its use, and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by the first and second respondents by paying the debt, not for the applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the first and second respondents. The applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the applicant costs as prayed for by the applicant.

The conduct of the first and second respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40-20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.

Judicial Sale in Execution re: Approach, Suspension, Setting Aside, Foreclosure Proceedings and Forced Sales


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340.

The fourth respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant, the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the applicant by delaying the inevitable.

The first and second respondents counsel, on the other hand, submitted, that, the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

The first and second respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the Notice of Appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the first and second respondents, they have an arguable case on appeal. To them, the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended, that, the court erred in declaring the applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated Rule 340 of the High Court Rules. Moreso when the first and second respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

The first and second respondents further submitted, that, there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the applicant. The respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced, for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued, on behalf of the first and second respondents, that, the applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the first and second respondents have tendered security, the applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally, the first and second respondents submitted, that, the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal, the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether the application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) The potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the appellant if leave is granted;

(b) Conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent, on appeal, if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) The prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) Where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience:

See Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H).

The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable: see South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A)…,.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances: see Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S)…,.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure: see Pfumbidzayi v State HH726-15; Chikumba v State HH724-15.

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is, in my view, the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently, whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance, to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing, whether the appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

In my own view, I conclude, that, the first and second respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court; they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised; in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that the applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchase.

In any case, the nature of the order being sought by the applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The first and second respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the fourth respondent. They are still benefitting from its use, possibly earning money from its use, and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by the first and second respondents by paying the debt, not for the applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the first and second respondents. The applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the applicant costs as prayed for by the applicant.

The conduct of the first and second respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40-20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.

Passing of Ownership, Proof of Title and Jus in re Propria re: Implied Lawful Right of Ownership


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340.

The fourth respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant, the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the applicant by delaying the inevitable.

The first and second respondents counsel, on the other hand, submitted, that, the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

The first and second respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the Notice of Appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the first and second respondents, they have an arguable case on appeal. To them, the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended, that, the court erred in declaring the applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated Rule 340 of the High Court Rules. Moreso when the first and second respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

The first and second respondents further submitted, that, there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the applicant. The respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced, for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued, on behalf of the first and second respondents, that, the applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the first and second respondents have tendered security, the applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally, the first and second respondents submitted, that, the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal, the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether the application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) The potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the appellant if leave is granted;

(b) Conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent, on appeal, if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) The prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) Where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience:

See Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H).

The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable: see South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A)…,.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances: see Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S)…,.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure: see Pfumbidzayi v State HH726-15; Chikumba v State HH724-15.

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is, in my view, the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently, whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance, to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing, whether the appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

In my own view, I conclude, that, the first and second respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court; they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised; in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that the applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchase.

In any case, the nature of the order being sought by the applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The first and second respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the fourth respondent. They are still benefitting from its use, possibly earning money from its use, and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by the first and second respondents by paying the debt, not for the applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the first and second respondents. The applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the applicant costs as prayed for by the applicant.

The conduct of the first and second respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40-20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.

Final Orders re: Writ of Execution, Enforcement of Judgments iro Approach, Execution Powers and Superannuated Orders


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340.

The fourth respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant, the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the applicant by delaying the inevitable.

The first and second respondents counsel, on the other hand, submitted, that, the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

The first and second respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the Notice of Appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the first and second respondents, they have an arguable case on appeal. To them, the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended, that, the court erred in declaring the applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated Rule 340 of the High Court Rules. Moreso when the first and second respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

The first and second respondents further submitted, that, there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the applicant. The respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced, for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued, on behalf of the first and second respondents, that, the applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the first and second respondents have tendered security, the applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally, the first and second respondents submitted, that, the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal, the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether the application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) The potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the appellant if leave is granted;

(b) Conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent, on appeal, if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) The prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) Where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience:

See Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H).

The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable: see South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A)…,.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances: see Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S)…,.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure: see Pfumbidzayi v State HH726-15; Chikumba v State HH724-15.

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is, in my view, the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently, whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance, to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing, whether the appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

In my own view, I conclude, that, the first and second respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court; they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised; in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that the applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchase.

In any case, the nature of the order being sought by the applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The first and second respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the fourth respondent. They are still benefitting from its use, possibly earning money from its use, and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by the first and second respondents by paying the debt, not for the applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the first and second respondents. The applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the applicant costs as prayed for by the applicant.

The conduct of the first and second respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40-20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.

Final Orders re: Approach iro Equity Relief, Public Interest Litigation and the Interests of Justice


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340.

The fourth respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant, the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the applicant by delaying the inevitable.

The first and second respondents counsel, on the other hand, submitted, that, the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

The first and second respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the Notice of Appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the first and second respondents, they have an arguable case on appeal. To them, the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended, that, the court erred in declaring the applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated Rule 340 of the High Court Rules. Moreso when the first and second respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

The first and second respondents further submitted, that, there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the applicant. The respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced, for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued, on behalf of the first and second respondents, that, the applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the first and second respondents have tendered security, the applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally, the first and second respondents submitted, that, the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal, the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether the application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) The potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the appellant if leave is granted;

(b) Conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent, on appeal, if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) The prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) Where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience:

See Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H).

The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable: see South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A)…,.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances: see Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S)…,.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure: see Pfumbidzayi v State HH726-15; Chikumba v State HH724-15.

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is, in my view, the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently, whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance, to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing, whether the appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

In my own view, I conclude, that, the first and second respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court; they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised; in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that the applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchase.

In any case, the nature of the order being sought by the applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The first and second respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the fourth respondent. They are still benefitting from its use, possibly earning money from its use, and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by the first and second respondents by paying the debt, not for the applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the first and second respondents. The applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the applicant costs as prayed for by the applicant.

The conduct of the first and second respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40-20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.

Jurisdiction re: Judicial Deference iro Assessment of Prospects on Appeal, Review or Main Proceedings


This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for execution of the order under HC40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the first and second respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020, after hearing the parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The first respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport, at his own cost, the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C, from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The first and second respondents bear the costs of this application on legal practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, the first and second respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40-20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Counsel for the applicant submitted, that, a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that the first and second respondents contravened section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

The applicant's counsel further submitted, that, the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend, that, the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the first and second respondents, and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it; furthermore, where the applicant is, by all means, an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the applicant's counsel.

On the first and second respondent's prospects of success on appeal, the applicant submitted, that, judicial sales in execution, and the effects of a sale in execution, are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside, and the Supreme Court, equally so, is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

The applicant went on to add, that, the reliance of the first and second respondent on Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40-20.

In any case, it was submitted by the applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under Rule 359 and not Rule 340.

The fourth respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant, the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the applicant by delaying the inevitable.

The first and second respondents counsel, on the other hand, submitted, that, the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

The first and second respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the Notice of Appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the first and second respondents, they have an arguable case on appeal. To them, the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended, that, the court erred in declaring the applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated Rule 340 of the High Court Rules. Moreso when the first and second respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

The first and second respondents further submitted, that, there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the applicant. The respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced, for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued, on behalf of the first and second respondents, that, the applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the first and second respondents have tendered security, the applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally, the first and second respondents submitted, that, the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal, the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether the application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) The potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the appellant if leave is granted;

(b) Conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent, on appeal, if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) The prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) Where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience:

See Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H).

The Notice of Appeal has the general effect, at common law, of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to perpetrate criminal conduct: see Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490.

Further, the automatic stay of execution, upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice, is not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding - subject to the court's discretion: see Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable: see South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A)…,.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances: see Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S)…,.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure: see Pfumbidzayi v State HH726-15; Chikumba v State HH724-15.

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is, in my view, the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently, whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance, to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing, whether the appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal, in my view, focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The first and second respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment, under HMT40-20, I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded, that, the first and second respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405=98, paid by the Sheriff, was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck; that is, from the money paid by the applicant herein.

As such, Rule 340 of the High Court Rules 1971 does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the first and second respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset, sold at a public auction, is involved, these courts readily protects such and a sale, once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected: see SILBERBERG and SCHOEMAN's The Law of Property, 5th ed…,.; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries SC220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S).

In my own view, I conclude, that, the first and second respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court; they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised; in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that the applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchase.

In any case, the nature of the order being sought by the applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The first and second respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the fourth respondent. They are still benefitting from its use, possibly earning money from its use, and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by the first and second respondents by paying the debt, not for the applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the first and second respondents. The applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the applicant costs as prayed for by the applicant.

The conduct of the first and second respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20, dated 23 July 2020, pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The fourth respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40-20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20, the applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The first and second respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.

Opposed Application

MUZENDA J: This is a Court Application for leave to execute pending appeal where the Applicant is praying for the following relief:

“IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The application for Execution of the Order under HC40/20 dated 23 July 2020 pending the determination of SC333/20 is hereby granted.

2. The Fourth Respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movables lodged on 27 July 2020 under case HC40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20 the Applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The First and Second Respondents shall bear the costs of this application if opposed.”

The application is opposed by the First and Second Respondents.

BACKGROUND

On 23 July 2020 after hearing parties under case No. HC40/20, I granted the following order:

“1. The application for a declaration order succeeds.

2. The applicant is hereby declared the rightful owner of a Cat Catepillar Dump Truck 769C sold in execution on 18 October 2019 at Devuli Farm, Devuli Ranch, Bikita.

Consequently:

1. The First Respondent is hereby ordered, within 24 hours of this order, to transport at his own cost the Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C from No.52B Plymouth Road, Southerton, Harare to Lot 2 Gweru Small Holding, Gweru.

2. The First and Second Respondents bear the costs of this application on Legal Practitioner and client scale.”

On 30 July 2020, First and Second Respondents noted and filed an appeal against the entire and final judgment under HMT40/20, which appeal is pending.

The applicant has now applied for leave to execute the judgment albeit the appeal pending.

SUBMISSIONS BY COUNSEL

Advocate T. Zhuwarara for the applicant submitted that a notice of appeal has the effect of staying a writ of execution but it ought not to come into effect in circumstances where such stay has the effect of perpetuating the commission of an offence or criminal conduct.

He submitted that First and Second Respondents contravened Section 22(2)(b) of the High Court Act [Chapter 7:06] by taking away the Dump Truck which has been attached and sold to the applicant at a public auction.

Applicant's counsel further submitted that the court has a discretion to grant or dismiss an application for stay of execution pending appeal.

He went on to contend that the court is enjoined to have regard to the preponderance of equities, the prospects of success on the part of the First and Second Respondents and also whether the appeal had been noted so as to gain time or harass the Applicant.

The court has to determine what is just and equitable in all the circumstances.

Counsel for the Applicant urged the court to grant the application to enable the Applicant to enjoy the use of the Dump Truck since he had judicially purchased it, furthermore where the Applicant is by all means an innocent purchaser.

The courts have to protect the purchaser even where an article is sold by mistake as belonging to a judgment debtor, it was contended by the Applicant's counsel.

On the First and Second Respondent's prospects of success on appeal, Applicant submitted that judicial sales in execution and the effects of a sale in execution are immediate and profound and such sales are not lightly set aside and the Supreme Court equally so is unlikely to interfere with such a sale.

Applicant went on to add that the reliance of First and Second Respondent on r340 of the High Court Rules 1971 amounts to a fresh argument which was never raised in the main application under HMT40/20.

In any case, it was submitted by Applicant, a sale in execution will only be set aside or negated under r359 and not r340.

Fourth Respondent indicated that he did not receive the information timeously about the “full settlement” by the judgment debtor before the property was sold.

In view of the applicant the appeal is hopeless and designed to frustrate the Applicant by delaying the inevitable.

First and Second Respondents' counsel, Advocate G.R. Sithole on the other hand submitted that the overall onus is on the party seeking execution pending appeal to satisfy the court that he is entitled to the relief sought and the court has the discretion.

First and Second Respondents further contended that the grounds of appeal listed in the notice of appeal have bright prospects of success on appeal.

To the First and Second Respondents they have an arguable case on appeal. To them the appeal is free from predictable failure.

It was contended that the court erred in declaring Applicant owner of the Dump Truck when the sale in execution violated r340. Moreso when First and Second Respondents satisfied the judgment well before the auction took place.

First and Second Respondents further submitted that there is no prejudice or irreparable harm to talk about on the part of the Applicant. The Respondents are the ones who stand to be prejudiced for the two will lose their valuable Dump Truck.

It was also argued on behalf of First and Second Respondents that the Applicant has established no basis on the affidavits which upsets the common law position that allows staying of execution pending appeal.

Since the First and Second Respondents have tendered security the Applicant's fear of irreparable harm have been allayed.

Finally First and Second Respondents submitted that the equities favour them and they pray for the dismissal of the application with costs on a higher scale of attorney-client scale.

THE LAW

When dealing with an application for leave to execute pending an appeal the Court is enjoined to exercise its discretion in coming to a decision regarding whether application ought to succeed or not.

The following mundane and often-cited guidelines are relevant:

(a) the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice being sustained by the Appellant if leave is granted;

(b) conversely, the potentiality of irreparable harm or prejudice sustained by the respondent on appeal if leave to execute is not granted;

(c) the prospects of success on appeal, including the question whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive e.g. to gain time.

(d) where there is the possibility of irreparable harm to both parties, the balance of hardship or convenience. 1

The notice of appeal has the general effect at common law of staying the writ of execution, but it is not intended to operate or come into effect in circumstances where such stay had the adverse effect of perpetuating a commission of an offence or to be perpetrate a criminal conduct2.

Further the automatic stay of execution upon noting of appeal, as a rule of practice is, not a firm rule of law, but a long established practice regarded as generally binding, subject to court's discretion3.

At the core or pith of enquiry relating to an application of this genre is the duty of the court to determine what is just and equitable4.

The principle to be applied by the court considering the grant of an application for leave to execute on a judgment under appeal is what is just and equitable in all circumstances5.

In assessing whether an appeal pending determination in the upper court has got prospects of success, has to do with whether the Appellant has got an arguable case or whether it is manifestly a predictable failure.6

APPLICATION OF LAW TO THE FACTS

Central to the principle or guidelines applicable to an application for leave to execute pending appeal is in my view the prospects of success on appeal.

Put differently whether the appeal is frivolous or vexatious or was noted, not with the bona fide intention of reversing the judgment appealed against, but for some motive, for instance to gain time.

Akin to this foregoing whether the Appellant has an arguable case in the matter pending in the Supreme Court.

The quintessence or gravamen of the appeal in my view focuses on the order that declared the applicant herein the legitimate owner of the Dump Truck by virtue of being a purchaser at a well-publicised auction.

The First and Second Respondents contend that I erred to order as such because they had fully met their indebtedness to the judgment creditor in the matter where the Dump Truck was subject of attachment.

In my judgment under HMT40/20 I dwelt at a great length on this subject and concluded that the First and Second Respondents did not timeously offset the judgment debt.

The balance of $30,405-98 paid by Sheriff was deducted from the proceeds of the selling of the Dump Truck, that is from the money paid by the Applicant herein.

As such r340 of the High Court Rules, 1971, does not come in.

Had that money been paid by the First and Second Respondents, the situation would be totally different.

Where an innocent purchaser of an asset sold at a public auction is involved these courts readily protects such and a sale once conducted and vests rights in the purchaser, such rights are not easily reversed even where an error is detected.7

In my own view I conclude that the First and Second Respondents do not have an arguable case before the Supreme Court, they had filed the notice of appeal to buy time.

The Applicant before me genuinely and honestly parted with his money and bought the Dump Truck obviously for use at his workplace. He is not using the Dump Truck, his money is not earning any interest nor is it productively utilised, in a hyper-inflationary operational environment like in Zimbabwe, the time value of money theory is adversely affecting the Applicant.

He complied with all the requirements of the Sheriff's auction and all his actions were above board.

I discern no reasonable basis to punish such an innocent purchaser by forestalling the legal process of ensuring that Applicant enjoys the fruits of his purchaser.

In any case the nature of the order being sought by the Applicant caters for the non-disposal of the Dump Truck until the appeal to the Supreme Court is finalised. It is just and equitable that the leave to execute pending appeal is granted.

The First and Second Respondents illegally snatched the Dump Truck from the control of the Fourth Respondent. They are still benefitting from its use possibly earning money from its use and drawing down its market value through wear and tear. The Applicant virtually facilitated this retention of the Dump Truck by First and Second Respondents by paying the debt not for Applicant's benefit but to the advantage of the First and Second Respondents. The Applicant will eventually get the Dump Truck in a condition that is entirely different from what it was at the time he bought it.

That situation obviously would result in an irreparable harm to the Applicant.

The balance of convenience favours the granting of the order for leave to execute pending appeal.

As regards costs, I see no basis for denying the Applicant costs as prayed for by the Applicant. The conduct of the First and Second Respondents in the matter shows a deliberate disregard of the law by snatching property on attachment and then opposes an application for leave to execute pending appeal, where it is clear that the Applicant enjoys the benefits of the Dump Truck he acquired through a judicial sale.

The application succeeds and it is ordered as follows:

1. The Application for Execution of the Order under HMT40/20 dated 23 July 2020 pending the determination of SC333/20 be and is hereby granted.

2. The Fourth Respondent is granted leave to give effect to the Writ of Delivery of Movable lodged on 27 July 2020 under Case No. HMT40/20.

3. During the pendency of SC333/20 the Applicant is temporarily interdicted from disposing of Cat Caterpillar Dump Truck 769C.

4. The First and Second Respondents shall bear the costs of this application at an ordinary scale.



Kwiriwiri Law Chambers, applicant's legal practitioners

Magaya Mandizvidza, 1st and 2nd respondents legal practitioners

1. Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H)

2. Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490

3. Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598

4. South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A) 5450-F

5. Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S) 281B-C

6. Pfumbidzayi v State HH726/15; Chikumba v State HH724/15

7. Silberberg and Schoeman's The Law of Property 5th Ed at p261; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries S-220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S)

1 Arches (Private) Limited v Guthie Holdings (Private) Limited 1989 (1) ZLR 152 (H); ZDCO (Pvt) Ltd v Commercial Careers College (Pvt) Ltd 1991 (2) ZLR 61 (H)

2 Chase Mineral (Pvt) Ltd v Madzikita 2002 (1) ZLR 488 (H) 490

3 Vengesai & Ors v Zimbabwe Glass Industries 1998 (2) ZLR 593 (H) 598

4 South Cape Corporation (Pty) Ltd v Engineering Management Services (Pty) Ltd 1977 (3) SA 534 (A) 5450-F

5 Whata v Whata 1994 (2) ZLR 277 (S) 281B-C

6 Pfumbidzayi v State HH726/15; Chikumba v State HH724/15

7 Silberberg and Schoeman's The Law of Property 5th Ed at p261; Naran v Midlands Chemical Industries S-220-91; Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court & Ors 2007 (1) ZLR 124 (S)

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