Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal and Notice of Appeal iro Approach

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence and Inferences iro Evidentiary Concessions & Conduct Resulting in Estoppel

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules....,.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time-frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

Rules of Court re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits and the Reckoning of Time

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules....,.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Approach, Time-Barred Proceedings, Extension of Time and Interests of Justice

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules....,.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any timeframe for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits and the Reckoning of Time

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules....,.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time-frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Ambiguous, Vague, Undefined Provisions and Legislative Lacuna

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules....,.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

Final Orders re: Principle of Finality in Litigation, Decree of Perpetual Silence, Sitting on Judgments & Superannuation

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules....,.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any timeframe for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

Audi Alteram Partem Rule re: Approach, Orders Granted Without a Hearing and the Doctrine of Notice

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgement of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgment granted in its absence.

Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Urban Development and Settlement

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1....,.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi....,.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established....,.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

Administrative Law re: Presumptions of Regularity and Validity of Official Documents or Advice & Doctrine of Estoppel

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1....,.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi....,.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established....,.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Privity of Contract ito Inter-Related Contracts and Privity Inter Se or Tertia Pars

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1....,.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi....,.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established....,.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Foundation, Sanctity, Privity, Retrospectivity & Judicial Variation of Contracts

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1....,.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi....,.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established....,.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

Locus Standi re: Approach and the Legal Capacity to Institute or Defend Legal Proceedings

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1....,.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi....,.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established....,.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

Locus Standi re: Factual or Evidential Averments or Pleadings Competently Available to Another Party

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1....,.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi....,.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established....,.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

Land Acquisition re: Resettlement and Operational Challenges of the Land Reform Programme

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1....,.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi....,.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established....,.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Consent Papers, Consent Orders and Consent to Judgment

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi.

I propose to deal with the issues in turn.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time-frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established.

DISPOSITION

None of the grounds of appeal, in terms of which the appeal was motivated, have merit.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

The appeal is lacking in merit. There is no reason why the costs should not follow the event.

Accordingly, it be and is hereby ordered that the appeal is dismissed with costs.

Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Corrections and Orders Erroneously Sought or Granted

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi.

I propose to deal with the issues in turn.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time-frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established.

DISPOSITION

None of the grounds of appeal, in terms of which the appeal was motivated, have merit.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

The appeal is lacking in merit. There is no reason why the costs should not follow the event.

Accordingly, it be and is hereby ordered that the appeal is dismissed with costs.

Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Common Law Rescission & Consideration of Restitutio In Integrum

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi.

I propose to deal with the issues in turn.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time-frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established.

DISPOSITION

None of the grounds of appeal, in terms of which the appeal was motivated, have merit.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

The appeal is lacking in merit. There is no reason why the costs should not follow the event.

Accordingly, it be and is hereby ordered that the appeal is dismissed with costs.

Appeal re: Findings of Fact or Exercise of Discretion Made by Lower Court iro Terminated or Complete Proceedings

The appellants are nine cooperative societies which have been dishing out residential Stands at a piece of land known as Saturday Retreat Estate (the land) for quite some time. The land is held by the first respondent by Deed of Transfer number 4035/86 and was acquired by the Government of Zimbabwe for urban development by Acquisition of Land Order dated 20 March 2014.

Following the acquisition, the second respondent herein, who is the acquiring authority, filed an application against the first respondent in the Administrative Court (the court a quo) for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition order.

The matter was settled between the parties as a result of which a consent order was issued by the court a quo on 13 January 2015.

The consent order confirmed the compulsory acquisition and made provision for compensation due to the first respondent in terms of the agreement of the parties therein.

Almost five years after the consent order was granted in the matter involving the two respondents, the appellants approached the court a quo seeking a rescission of that judgment in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court of Zimbabwe Rules, 1971.

The basis of the rescission of judgment application was that the judgment was granted either in error or fraudulently in the absence of the appellants.

Before the court a quo, the first respondent raised a number of points in limine, namely;

(i) That the application was filed out of time without seeking condonation for the delay;

(ii) That the appellants lacked locus standi in judicio to seek a rescission of an agreement in which they were not a party; and

(iii) That there was no fraudulent misrepresentation in the grant of the consent order.

By judgment delivered on 6 March 2020, the court a quo upheld the preliminary points. This appeal is against that judgment of the court a quo.

This Court finds that the appeal is completely devoid of merit. It ought to be dismissed with costs.

BACKGROUND

By Government Gazette Extraordinary published on 7 September 2001, a preliminary notice in terms of section 5(1) of the Land Acquisition Act [Chapter 20:10], of the intent to acquire the land for resettlement purposes, was issued.

Subsequent to that, the acquisition for resettlement was not pursued, presumably upon a realisation that the land was earmarked for urban settlement.

Notwithstanding that, the appellants later occupied the land and started parcelling out residential Stands to their members. Their case is that they were offered the land for that purpose by the Government as it was by then State land given that a preliminary notice of intent to acquire the land had been published in 2001.

As I have said, it was not until 20 March 2014 that the Government commenced the process of the lawful compulsory acquisition of the land for urban development.

On that date, the second respondent issued an acquisition of land order. As required by law, the second respondent brought an application before the court a quo, under case number LA6/14, for confirmation of the compulsory acquisition and compensation to the first respondent.

The proceedings in the court a quo led to the signing of a settlement between the first and second respondents, on 18 December 2014, which was incorporated in the consent order sought to be rescinded. The Order reads:

“BY CONSENT IT IS ORDERED THAT:

1. The compulsory acquisition of the immovable property, being the remaining extent of Saturday Retreat Estate situated in the District of Salisbury measuring One Thousand and Fifty Seven comma three eight one (1,057,3810) hectares held under Deed of Transfer 4035/1986 (“the Property”) by the respondent be and is hereby confirmed.

2. The respondent is entitled to full compensation for the compulsory acquisition of its urban land.

3. The manner of compensation shall be as set out in the Memorandum of Agreement entered into between the Government of Zimbabwe and the respondent, dated 18 December 2014, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

3.1 The respondent be and is hereby allocated the unoccupied portion of the property measuring 401 hectares.

3.2 The respondent is hereby appointed the sole and exclusive developer of the property defined in the Deed of Settlement measuring 401 hectares.

3.3 The terms and conditions of such appointment shall be governed by the Agreement entered into between Government of Zimbabwe, represented by the Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development, and the respondent, a copy of which is annexed to this order as Annexure A.

4. The Government of Zimbabwe shall sign all such documents, pass all such instruments, give such instructions, and do all things necessary to give effect to this Court order.

5. There shall be no order as to costs.”

Following the consent order, the Deed of Transfer, in terms of which the first respondent held the land, was endorsed on 18 December 2015 to the effect that it now vests in the President.

It is common cause that the appellants became aware of the grant of the court order sought to be rescinded as far back as 2015. The application for rescission of judgement was only filed on 13 December 2019, about 4 years later, without seeking condonation.

PROCEEDINGS A QUO

Before the court a quo, the appellants' case was that the court a quo was misled into granting the consent order and therefore granted the order in error.

The error was in the sense that the first respondent was not the owner of the land in question, it having been acquired by the Government in 2001, and, following such acquisition, it was allocated to the appellants.

Further, the appellants have an interest in the land and had to be consulted before the consent order was granted.

In addition, the appellants contended that the consent order was fraudulently obtained in the sense that the first respondent fraudulently misrepresented to the second respondent, and the court, that, it had entered into agreements with them in terms of which the occupants agreed to pay $4 per square metre of land occupied by them. According to the appellants no such agreements were entered into.

The first respondent's case before the court a quo was that the application for rescission of judgment was filed out of time without seeking condonation at the time they had become aware of the consent order and had thus been complicit for years.

Further, the first respondent took the view that the appellants did not have locus standi to contest an agreement entered into in settlement of an application for confirmation of compulsory acquisition of urban land and compensation thereof.

As they lay a claim through the Government, the appellants could not possibly be cited in proceedings brought in the process of acquisition.

Regarding the agreement relating to payment for the land occupied by the appellants' members, the first respondent insisted that indeed it had agreements with individual occupiers. The appellants had been in illegal occupation of the land which was only lawfully acquired in 2014. The first respondent maintained that it had separate arrangements with some of the occupiers who are paying for the land directly to it.

FINDINGS A QUO

The court a quo found that the delay of almost 5 years in bringing the application was too long, and, as such, condonation should have been sought giving an acceptable explanation for failure to act expeditiously.

It found, further, that there was need for relative certainty and finality in litigation.

On the aspect of the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation to obtain the consent order, the court a quo found that none had been proved in court.

Regarding the appellants' locus standi, it was the court a quo's finding that none of the appellants were privy to the agreement entered into between the first and second respondents. As such, they had no legal standing to seek a rescission of an agreement they were not party to.

As I have already stated, the court a quo upheld the points in limine.

THE APPEAL

The appellants were aggrieved by the judgment of the court a quo and noted an appeal to this Court on four grounds of appeal. They are:

1. The learned judge a quo erred at law in failure to dispose of the first point in limine by the first respondent.

2. The learned judge a quo erred at law in holding that the appellants lacked locus standi to apply for rescission of the judgment granted by the court on 13 January 2015.

3. The Honourable Court erred at law, in so far as it may be taken to have upheld the first point in limine, in holding that there was need for the appellants to apply for condonation of the late noting of the application for rescission and that the appellant failed to prove fraud.

4. The honourable lower court erred at law in allowing a judgment obtained through fraudulent means to stand.

The grounds of appeal are inelegantly crafted, they are repetitive and lack clarity and conciseness required by the Rules.

Be that as it may, only two issues for determination on appeal arise from them. They are:

1. Whether there was a need for the appellants to seek condonation before filing the rescission of judgment application in terms of Rule 449 of the High Court Rules.

2. Whether the appellants had locus standi.

I propose to deal with the issues in turn.

WHETHER CONDONATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN SOUGHT

Counsel for the appellants submitted that the judgment of the court a quo is not clear whether condonation was necessary or not.

He submitted that Rule 449 does not fix any time-frame for bringing the application. To that extent, there was no need to seek condonation as it could not be said that the application was out of time.

Per contra, counsel for the first respondent submitted that the mere fact that Rule 449 contains no time frame for the filing of an application made under it is not a licence for bringing the application anytime without seeking condonation.

I agree.

There appears to exist a misconception among legal practitioners that Rule 449 provides a gas station for all those who have failed to act timeously to re-fuel and breathe life into a cause that has run its course.

It was never the intention of the framers of the Rules that there must exist a remedy for eternity.

The policy of the law is that there should be legal certainty and finality in the relationship of parties after the lapse of a certain period of time. It is for that reason that society is intolerant to stale claims, generally, as a result of which a party that fails to enforce a right timeously, or within a reasonable time, loses the right altogether: see Ndebele v Ncube 1992 (1) ZLR 288 (S)…,.; John Conrad Trust v The Federation of Kushanda Pre-Schools Trust & Ors HH503-15…,.

It ought to be appreciated that Rule 449 provides for discretionary relief to be granted or refused in the exercise of discretion by a judge or court.

The case of Grantully (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v UDC Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 361 (S) is authority for the proposition that the court may, in the exercise of its discretion, dismiss an application made in terms of Rule 449 by reason of the inordinate delay in bringing it. At pp365H-366D this Court said:

“Even if the learned judge was wrong in deciding that the judgment granted by MTAMBANENGWE J was not erroneously sought or obtained, I consider that he was justified, in the exercise of his discretion, in dismissing the application by reason of the inordinate lapse of time. After all, Rule 449 is 'a procedural step designed to correct, expeditiously, an obviously wrong judgment or order': per ERASMUS J in Bakoven's case supra at 471E-F: see also Firestone South Africa (Pty) Ltd v Genticuro AG supra at 306H.

In First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Van Rensburg NO & Ors; In re First National Bank of Southern Africa Ltd v Jurgens & Ors 1994 (1) SA 677 (T) ELOFF JP (with whom VAN DER WALT and PREISS JJ concurred) stressed the important need to proceed rapidly in applications of this nature. He said at 681E-G:

'It is in the interest of justice that there should be relative certainty and finality as soon as possible concerning the scope and effect of orders of court.

Persons affected by such orders should be entitled, within a reasonable time after the issue thereof, to know that the last word has been spoken on the subject.

The power created by Rule 42(1) is discretionary (see Tshivhase Royal Council & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor, Tshivhase & Anor v Tshivhase & Anor 1992 (4) SA 852(A) at 862 in fine – 863A) and it would be a proper exercise of that discretion to say that, even if the appellant proved that Rule 42(1) applied, it should not be heard to complain after the lapse of a reasonable time. A reasonable time in this case is substantially less than the three years referred to.'

I respectfully agree with these observations.”…,.

In my view, Rule 449 is not an open cheque to bring an application for rescission, even where it applies, at any time in the life of a person.

It is an expeditious remedy which should be deployed rapidly the moment the party seeking to rely on it becomes aware of the existence of the order.

Where, for some reason, the application is not so made, an acceptable explanation must be rendered for failure to act timeously. Such an explanation can only be made in an application for condonation.

The court a quo cannot be faulted for upholding that preliminary point.

WHETHER THE APPELLANTS HAD LOCUS STANDI

The appellants sought rescission of judgment on the basis that it was induced by fraud and that they should have been consulted before any compromise was reached between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

Their interest in the land, so they contended, lay in the sense that the land had long been acquired by the State, in 2001, and allocated to them about 2004.

According to the appellants, the first respondent had lost any rights in the land upon its acquisition in 2001, with the rights in the land having been transferred to them by the Government.

They asserted that the first respondent misled both the Government and the court a quo into believing that there existed agreements between it and the appellants when no such agreements were concluded.

A distinction must be drawn between locus standi to seek a rescission of judgment in terms of Rule 449 and the right to overturn a Deed of Settlement concluded between the Government of Zimbabwe and the first respondent.

In my view, the former is a procedural issue which can be determined on the preliminary arguments made before the court a quo. On the other hand, the latter is a substantive issue going to the merits of the case.

I entertain no doubt that any party affected by the judgment of the court, even when not cited in the proceedings, has locus standi to bring an application for the rescission of the judgement granted in its absence.

That is the furthest one can go.

As to whether, having made the application for rescission of judgment, the appellants made a case for such rescission, that is an issue going to the merits of the application and not locus standi to litigate.

In finding that the appellants had no locus standi to rescind the agreement the court a quo was deciding the merits of the case.

It was unnecessary to do so having upheld the other points taken in limine.

Our finding in that regard, however, does not assist the appellants in this appeal given that the upholding of the other points in limine by the court a quo cannot be faulted.

Regarding the question of the acquisition of the land, this court settled the issue of the legal effect of a section 5 Notice not pursued after being gazetted in the case of TBIC Investments (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Mangenje & Ors SC13-18.

In that case, this Court stated that the effect of section 16B(2)(a) of the former Constitution, providing that all identified agricultural land vested in the State was to revive, resuscitate, and validate the acquisition of all identified agricultural land listed in the 7th Schedule of the then Constitution.

At p7 of the cyclostyled judgment BHUNU JA, writing for the court, stated:

“The language used in section 16(2) of the former Constitution is clear and unambiguous admitting no ambivalent interpretation. The only meaning to be ascribed to the section is that once land is gazetted and listed in Schedule 7 it automatically stands acquired by the State with full title by operation of law. The mere fact that the notice was at one time withdrawn or expired is irrelevant.”

That the land in question was acquired by the State in 2001 does not advance the appellants' appeal in any way. This is because the case was determined on preliminary points raised by the first respondent and not on the merits.

Even the contestation of the agreements allegedly concluded by the first respondent with individual occupiers did not yield any positive results for the appellants.

The first respondent presented evidence, in its opposing affidavit, which the court a quo accepted, to the effect that it had concluded agreements with the individual occupiers of the land for them to pay for it directly to the first respondent.

This may have annoyed the co-operative societies as they would have wanted the money paid to them.

Their annoyance, however, is of no moment in the administration of justice.

The finding made by the court a quo, that no fraud was proved, was a factual one based on its acceptance that indeed agreements had been made with the individual occupiers.

It is well settled that an Appellate Court will only interfere with the factual findings of the lower court where the decision is irrational to the extent that no sensible court could have made it.

That view was repeated in Shuro v Chiuraise SC20-19…, where the following passage appears:

“It is an established tenet of our law that an Appellate Court should be slow in interfering with the factual findings made by a lower court and that this should happen only where it is clear that the decision of the lower court is irrational, in the sense that no sensible court, seized with the same facts, could have reached such a conclusion…,.

In short, an Appellate Court can only interfere with the findings of a lower tribunal where it is convinced that the findings by the lower court are not supported by the evidence or are otherwise irrational: see Hama v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1996 (1) ZLR 664 (S).”

It has not been shown that the findings of the court a quo are irrational or that they are not supported by evidence.

Quite to the contrary, the court a quo considered the evidence and found no fraud as it certainly was not there. No basis for interference has been established.

DISPOSITION

None of the grounds of appeal, in terms of which the appeal was motivated, have merit.

Clearly, this is a case of disgruntled illegal land occupiers who are frustrated by the decision taken by the Government to intervene and restore order and sanity in the allocation of land for urban settlement.

There is no basis in law for reversing the lawful acquisition of land, and the agreement as to compensation, which resulted in the consent order sought to be impugned.

The appeal is lacking in merit. There is no reason why the costs should not follow the event.

Accordingly, it be and is hereby ordered that the appeal is dismissed with costs.

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Zimbabwe

SC19-21 - CHEVHU HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED AND OTHERS vs CREST BREEDERS INTERNATIONAL (PVT) LTD AND MINISTER OF LANDS AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Appeal, Leave to Appeal, Leave to Execute Pending Appeal re: Grounds of Appeal and Notice of Appeal iro Approach

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence and Inferences iro Evidentiary Concessions & Conduct Resulting in Estoppel

Rules of Court re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits and the Reckoning of Time

Condonation or Judicial Indulgence re: Approach, Time-Barred Proceedings, Extension of Time and Interests of Justice

Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits and the Reckoning of Time

Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Ambiguous, Vague, Undefined Provisions and Legislative Lacuna

Final Orders re: Principle of Finality in Litigation, Decree of Perpetual Silence, Sitting on Judgments & Superannuation

Audi Alteram Partem Rule re: Approach, Orders Granted Without a Hearing and the Doctrine of Notice

Land Acquisition re: Compulsory Acquisition iro Urban Development and Settlement

Administrative Law re: Presumptions of Regularity and Validity of Official Documents or Advice & Doctrine of Estoppel

Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Privity of Contract ito Inter-Related Contracts and Privity Inter Se or Tertia Pars

Consensus Ad Idem re: Approach iro Foundation, Sanctity, Privity, Retrospectivity & Judicial Variation of Contracts

Locus Standi re: Approach and the Legal Capacity to Institute or Defend Legal Proceedings

Locus Standi re: Factual or Evidential Averments or Pleadings Competently Available to Another Party

Land Acquisition re: Resettlement and Operational Challenges of the Land Reform Programme

Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Consent Papers, Consent Orders and Consent to Judgment

Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Corrections and Orders Erroneously Sought or Granted

Final Orders re: Nature, Amendment, Variation, Rescission iro Common Law Rescission & Consideration of Restitutio In Integrum

Appeal re: Findings of Fact or Exercise of Discretion Made by Lower Court iro Terminated or Complete Proceedings

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SC19-21 - CHEVHU HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY LIMITED AND OTHERS vs CREST BREEDERS INTERNATIONAL (PVT) LTD AND MINISTER OF LANDS AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS

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