Law Portal
Zimbabwe

Welcome To Law Portal

Welcome, Guest!
[Help?]

HHH142-10 - ALBERT MATAPO and OTHERS vs THE STATE

  • View Judgment By Categories
  • View Full Judgment


Constitutional Law-viz constitutional rights to trial within a reasonable period re dismissal of a matter for want of prosecution.
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re documentary evidence.
Legal Practitioners-viz dominus litis re criminal proceedings iro section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz cause of action re set down of matters iro section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz pleadings re unopposed proceedings.
Procedural Law-viz directions of the court.
Procedural Law-viz judicial directives.
Legal Practitioners-viz professional ethics.
Procedural Law-viz pleadings re unchallenged statements.
Procedural Law-viz pleadings re undisputed averments.
Procedural Law-viz pleadings re uncontroverted submissions.
Procedural Law-viz rules of court re the reckoning of time iro dies induciae.
Procedural Law-viz rules of construction re time limits iro dies induciae.
Procedural Law-viz rules of interpretation re the reckoning of time iro the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].
Constitutional Law-viz constitutional rights to trial within a reasonable period iro dismissal of a matter for want of prosecution iro systemic delays.
Legal Practitioners-viz dominus litis re criminal proceedings iro section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz cause of action re set down of matters iro section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz final orders re dismissal of a matter for want of prosecution iro the principle of finality in litigation.
Procedural Law-viz dismissal of a matter for want of prosecution re criminal proceedings iro section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz dismissal of a matter for want of prosecution re the principle of finality to litigation iro section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz rules of construction re ambiguous provisions iro intention of the legislature.
Procedural Law-viz rules of interpretation re vague provisions iro legislative intent.
Procedural Law-viz rules of court re the reckoning of time iro section 33 of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].
Procedural Law-viz rules of construction re time limits iro section 33 of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].
Procedural Law-viz rules of interpretation re calculating of the dies induciae iro section 33 of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re compellable witness iro section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re competent witness iro section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].
Procedural Law-viz prescription re criminal proceedings iro section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Professional Ethics, Legal Duty to the Court and Clients, Dominus Litis and Correspondence with the Court


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

Court Management re: Approach, Case Management, Postponement of Proceedings and Judicial Directives of the Court


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

Pleadings re: Approach to Pleadings, Pre-Trial Proceedings, Disparities with Oral Evidence and Unchallenged Statements


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

Default Judgment re: Default Judgment and Snatching at a Judgment iro Approach and Unopposed Proceedings


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence and the Right of Cross-Examination or Replication


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

Cause of Action and Draft Orders re: Appearance to Defend iro Notice of Set Down ito Criminal Proceedings


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State, in essence, raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter:

(i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect, counsel for the State cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that State witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted, that, between 29 March and 3 April 2010, a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect, the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Constitutional Rights re: Arrest, Detention, Criminal Prosecution, Fair & Speedy Trial iro Permanent Stay and Systemic Delays


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State, in essence, raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter:

(i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect, counsel for the State cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that State witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted, that, between 29 March and 3 April 2010, a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect, the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Subsection (2) does not provide for the reckoning of the six months period.

Under such circumstances, one has to have recourse to the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01]. In this respect, section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act provides that:

“In an enactment —

(a)…,.;

(b)…,.;

(c) A reference to a month shall be construed as a reference to a calendar month;

(d)…,.”

Since the Interpretation Act does not define a calendar month, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines it as:

“One of the twelve months into which the year is divided according to the calendar; also the space of time from any date (e.g. the 17th) of any month to the corresponding date (the 17th) of the next, as opposed to a lunar month of 4 weeks.”

Taking the above definition, in computing time in the present matter, the court will take the date in any particular month to a corresponding date to any other month.

Counsel for the State submitted that a calendar month is the beginning of the month to the end of that month.

If one were to use that method, it would present problems with any dates that fall between the beginning and the end of a particular month. It would leave such periods unaccounted for, which, in my view, was not the intention of the legislature when section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act was enacted.

The committal of an accused person for trial before the High Court occurs when the Attorney General serves a written notice on a magistrate in terms of section 66(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. This is because in terms of section 65 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act no accused person shall be tried in the High Court unless he or she has been committed for trial by a magistrate for the offence charged in the indictment.

On committal, it is a requirement that the accused person be served with a list of witnesses the State intends to call plus a summary of the evidence of each witness sufficient to inform the accused of all the material facts upon which the State relies.

However, in practice, the State invariably furnishes the accused with copies of the witnesses' statements and any other relevant documents recovered, recorded, or compiled during the course of investigations.

The effect of committal is that an accused person is detained in prison in terms of section 66(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

Counsel for the State argued that the period of six months must be uninterrupted, and, in his written submissions, he referred to the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H) in which he quoted the remarks of UCHENA J when he commented on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

This case was a precursor to another decision of this court reported in 2005 (1) ZLR 79 (H) which involved the same accused persons.

In the first matter, the accused persons had filed a court application in which they sought the dismissal of the case against them in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. Although they had been committed for trial, their matter had subsequently been set down for trial in the Magistrates Court. Although UCHENA J did not order a dismissal, on the basis that a proper inquiry needed to be conducted regarding the delay in prosecuting the matter, this is what the learned judge had to say in respect of the proviso to section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act …,:

“The proviso to section 160(2) and section 160(3) provides for circumstances which interrupt the lapse of the six months period.

If the six months period lapses without interruption then, the accused is entitled to a dismissal of his case.

It must, however, be noted that this can only be done when the court is satisfied there is no such interruption. This should be after hearing the reasons why the case did not get to trial within the stipulated period.

In my view, dismissal cannot be ordered after a cursory inquiry based on the applicant's affidavits without affidavits from the investigating officer and the prosecutor who handled the case, or an admission by the State that there are valid reasons why the accused's case should be dismissed…,.”

When the same matter had been reinstated before the High Court, and an application was made before the Criminal Court, the facts were that the accused persons had been remanded in custody in 2002. They were subsequently indicted for trial whose date was set for 31 May 2004.

Initially, trial failed to commence on account of the absence of State witnesses and pro deo counsel for one of the accused. Later, the trial failed to proceed because one pro deo counsel had been excused from the case and the trial prosecutor was not in attendance. The matter failed to proceed on another date in October 2004.

Although MAVANGIRA J accepted that the absence of defence counsel was a factor beyond the control of the Attorney-General, she also held that the unexplained absence of the trial prosecutor would be visited on the Attorney General. Commenting on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act she had this to say…,:

“I thus find that section 160(2) is meant to protect accused persons from being unreasonably kept under committal for trial for longer than six months when the trial has failed to take place during that period. It is also, in my view, meant to ensure that the Attorney General ensures that trials of accused persons committed for trial are expeditiously conducted.

There must be a balancing of the interests of society vis a vis the interests of the accused person.

Indeed, our Constitution recognizes the right of an accused person to be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time. In my view, section 160(2) was enacted in that spirit and against such backdrop. But section 160(2) does not entitle the applicants to a discharge or acquittal nor does it relate to the running of prescription. It merely relates to the release from committal.”

In the present matter, I hold that from the time the applicants were committed for trial, on 4 June 2008, the six months within which they should have been brought to trial immediately commenced to run.

Between that date and when the Constitutional application was heard, the matter could not be tried because the defence had not been furnished with certain documents which were listed or described in correspondence addressed to the prosecution. The prosecution did not reply to the correspondence save that the requested witnesses' statements were availed a few days before the date of trial.

In my view, the period between committal and the hearing of the Constitutional application should be counted as part of the six months within which the applicants should have been tried. This is because the Attorney General cannot be heard to argue that those were circumstances beyond his control.

The two cases I have referred did not deal with the issue of reckoning of six months or the effect of interruption of that period.

In my view, the remarks by UCHENA J do not mean the six months must run un-interrupted and that any period preceding such interruption must be discounted. I say so because there would not have been the need for the proviso to subsection (2).

What it means, then, is that, if the aggregate period between an accused's committal and date of trial exceeds six months, even though interrupted by some other circumstances which are beyond the control of the Attorney-General, he is entitled to a dismissal.

I am fortified in my view by a phrase in the proviso, viz “not available to stand trial.”

When an accused person is committed for trial, he automatically becomes available for trial. The only time he is not available for trial would be, for example, if he is too ill or when the trial process is interrupted by some other process like an application for referral of a Constitutional issue to the Supreme Court.

Even when the State contends that, at some stage, investigations had to be conducted in relation to a suspect who attempted to facilitate the applicants' escape from custody, it cannot be said they were not available to stand trial. In any event, the interruption amounted to only a few days and would thus be inconsequential.

In the same vein, I am not persuaded that the fact that the High Court was on vacation on two occasions cited by the State constitutes a circumstance beyond the control of the Attorney General.

This is because it cannot be said the applicants were not available to stand trial.

Whichever way you consider it, the argument that the court vacation interrupts the reckoning of time is dissipated when one takes into account the definition of a calendar month.

I did not hear the State attempt to explain why the case could not be set down for trial during the First Term of 2010. It would not have required the High Court not being on vacation to set down a matter within six months that are required by section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

In light of the foregoing, it is ordered that the case against the applicants be and is hereby dismissed.

Final Orders re: Principle of Finality to Litigation iro Dismissal of a Matter For Want of Prosecution ito Criminal


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State, in essence, raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter:

(i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect, counsel for the State cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that State witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted, that, between 29 March and 3 April 2010, a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect, the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Subsection (2) does not provide for the reckoning of the six months period.

Under such circumstances, one has to have recourse to the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01]. In this respect, section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act provides that:

“In an enactment —

(a)…,.;

(b)…,.;

(c) A reference to a month shall be construed as a reference to a calendar month;

(d)…,.”

Since the Interpretation Act does not define a calendar month, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines it as:

“One of the twelve months into which the year is divided according to the calendar; also the space of time from any date (e.g. the 17th) of any month to the corresponding date (the 17th) of the next, as opposed to a lunar month of 4 weeks.”

Taking the above definition, in computing time in the present matter, the court will take the date in any particular month to a corresponding date to any other month.

Counsel for the State submitted that a calendar month is the beginning of the month to the end of that month.

If one were to use that method, it would present problems with any dates that fall between the beginning and the end of a particular month. It would leave such periods unaccounted for, which, in my view, was not the intention of the legislature when section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act was enacted.

The committal of an accused person for trial before the High Court occurs when the Attorney General serves a written notice on a magistrate in terms of section 66(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. This is because in terms of section 65 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act no accused person shall be tried in the High Court unless he or she has been committed for trial by a magistrate for the offence charged in the indictment.

On committal, it is a requirement that the accused person be served with a list of witnesses the State intends to call plus a summary of the evidence of each witness sufficient to inform the accused of all the material facts upon which the State relies.

However, in practice, the State invariably furnishes the accused with copies of the witnesses' statements and any other relevant documents recovered, recorded, or compiled during the course of investigations.

The effect of committal is that an accused person is detained in prison in terms of section 66(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

Counsel for the State argued that the period of six months must be uninterrupted, and, in his written submissions, he referred to the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H) in which he quoted the remarks of UCHENA J when he commented on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

This case was a precursor to another decision of this court reported in 2005 (1) ZLR 79 (H) which involved the same accused persons.

In the first matter, the accused persons had filed a court application in which they sought the dismissal of the case against them in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. Although they had been committed for trial, their matter had subsequently been set down for trial in the Magistrates Court. Although UCHENA J did not order a dismissal, on the basis that a proper inquiry needed to be conducted regarding the delay in prosecuting the matter, this is what the learned judge had to say in respect of the proviso to section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act …,:

“The proviso to section 160(2) and section 160(3) provides for circumstances which interrupt the lapse of the six months period.

If the six months period lapses without interruption then, the accused is entitled to a dismissal of his case.

It must, however, be noted that this can only be done when the court is satisfied there is no such interruption. This should be after hearing the reasons why the case did not get to trial within the stipulated period.

In my view, dismissal cannot be ordered after a cursory inquiry based on the applicant's affidavits without affidavits from the investigating officer and the prosecutor who handled the case, or an admission by the State that there are valid reasons why the accused's case should be dismissed…,.”

When the same matter had been reinstated before the High Court, and an application was made before the Criminal Court, the facts were that the accused persons had been remanded in custody in 2002. They were subsequently indicted for trial whose date was set for 31 May 2004.

Initially, trial failed to commence on account of the absence of State witnesses and pro deo counsel for one of the accused. Later, the trial failed to proceed because one pro deo counsel had been excused from the case and the trial prosecutor was not in attendance. The matter failed to proceed on another date in October 2004.

Although MAVANGIRA J accepted that the absence of defence counsel was a factor beyond the control of the Attorney-General, she also held that the unexplained absence of the trial prosecutor would be visited on the Attorney General. Commenting on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act she had this to say…,:

“I thus find that section 160(2) is meant to protect accused persons from being unreasonably kept under committal for trial for longer than six months when the trial has failed to take place during that period. It is also, in my view, meant to ensure that the Attorney General ensures that trials of accused persons committed for trial are expeditiously conducted.

There must be a balancing of the interests of society vis a vis the interests of the accused person.

Indeed, our Constitution recognizes the right of an accused person to be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time. In my view, section 160(2) was enacted in that spirit and against such backdrop. But section 160(2) does not entitle the applicants to a discharge or acquittal nor does it relate to the running of prescription. It merely relates to the release from committal.”

In the present matter, I hold that from the time the applicants were committed for trial, on 4 June 2008, the six months within which they should have been brought to trial immediately commenced to run.

Between that date and when the Constitutional application was heard, the matter could not be tried because the defence had not been furnished with certain documents which were listed or described in correspondence addressed to the prosecution. The prosecution did not reply to the correspondence save that the requested witnesses' statements were availed a few days before the date of trial.

In my view, the period between committal and the hearing of the Constitutional application should be counted as part of the six months within which the applicants should have been tried. This is because the Attorney General cannot be heard to argue that those were circumstances beyond his control.

The two cases I have referred did not deal with the issue of reckoning of six months or the effect of interruption of that period.

In my view, the remarks by UCHENA J do not mean the six months must run un-interrupted and that any period preceding such interruption must be discounted. I say so because there would not have been the need for the proviso to subsection (2).

What it means, then, is that, if the aggregate period between an accused's committal and date of trial exceeds six months, even though interrupted by some other circumstances which are beyond the control of the Attorney-General, he is entitled to a dismissal.

I am fortified in my view by a phrase in the proviso, viz “not available to stand trial.”

When an accused person is committed for trial, he automatically becomes available for trial. The only time he is not available for trial would be, for example, if he is too ill or when the trial process is interrupted by some other process like an application for referral of a Constitutional issue to the Supreme Court.

Even when the State contends that, at some stage, investigations had to be conducted in relation to a suspect who attempted to facilitate the applicants' escape from custody, it cannot be said they were not available to stand trial. In any event, the interruption amounted to only a few days and would thus be inconsequential.

In the same vein, I am not persuaded that the fact that the High Court was on vacation on two occasions cited by the State constitutes a circumstance beyond the control of the Attorney General.

This is because it cannot be said the applicants were not available to stand trial.

Whichever way you consider it, the argument that the court vacation interrupts the reckoning of time is dissipated when one takes into account the definition of a calendar month.

I did not hear the State attempt to explain why the case could not be set down for trial during the First Term of 2010. It would not have required the High Court not being on vacation to set down a matter within six months that are required by section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

In light of the foregoing, it is ordered that the case against the applicants be and is hereby dismissed.

Rules of Court re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits and the Reckoning of Time


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State, in essence, raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter:

(i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect, counsel for the State cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that State witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted, that, between 29 March and 3 April 2010, a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect, the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Subsection (2) does not provide for the reckoning of the six months period.

Under such circumstances, one has to have recourse to the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01]. In this respect, section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act provides that:

“In an enactment —

(a)…,.;

(b)…,.;

(c) A reference to a month shall be construed as a reference to a calendar month;

(d)…,.”

Since the Interpretation Act does not define a calendar month, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines it as:

“One of the twelve months into which the year is divided according to the calendar; also the space of time from any date (e.g. the 17th) of any month to the corresponding date (the 17th) of the next, as opposed to a lunar month of 4 weeks.”

Taking the above definition, in computing time in the present matter, the court will take the date in any particular month to a corresponding date to any other month.

Counsel for the State submitted that a calendar month is the beginning of the month to the end of that month.

If one were to use that method, it would present problems with any dates that fall between the beginning and the end of a particular month. It would leave such periods unaccounted for, which, in my view, was not the intention of the legislature when section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act was enacted.

The committal of an accused person for trial before the High Court occurs when the Attorney General serves a written notice on a magistrate in terms of section 66(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. This is because in terms of section 65 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act no accused person shall be tried in the High Court unless he or she has been committed for trial by a magistrate for the offence charged in the indictment.

On committal, it is a requirement that the accused person be served with a list of witnesses the State intends to call plus a summary of the evidence of each witness sufficient to inform the accused of all the material facts upon which the State relies.

However, in practice, the State invariably furnishes the accused with copies of the witnesses' statements and any other relevant documents recovered, recorded, or compiled during the course of investigations.

The effect of committal is that an accused person is detained in prison in terms of section 66(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

Counsel for the State argued that the period of six months must be uninterrupted, and, in his written submissions, he referred to the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H) in which he quoted the remarks of UCHENA J when he commented on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

This case was a precursor to another decision of this court reported in 2005 (1) ZLR 79 (H) which involved the same accused persons.

In the first matter, the accused persons had filed a court application in which they sought the dismissal of the case against them in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. Although they had been committed for trial, their matter had subsequently been set down for trial in the Magistrates Court. Although UCHENA J did not order a dismissal, on the basis that a proper inquiry needed to be conducted regarding the delay in prosecuting the matter, this is what the learned judge had to say in respect of the proviso to section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act …,:

“The proviso to section 160(2) and section 160(3) provides for circumstances which interrupt the lapse of the six months period.

If the six months period lapses without interruption then, the accused is entitled to a dismissal of his case.

It must, however, be noted that this can only be done when the court is satisfied there is no such interruption. This should be after hearing the reasons why the case did not get to trial within the stipulated period.

In my view, dismissal cannot be ordered after a cursory inquiry based on the applicant's affidavits without affidavits from the investigating officer and the prosecutor who handled the case, or an admission by the State that there are valid reasons why the accused's case should be dismissed…,.”

When the same matter had been reinstated before the High Court, and an application was made before the Criminal Court, the facts were that the accused persons had been remanded in custody in 2002. They were subsequently indicted for trial whose date was set for 31 May 2004.

Initially, trial failed to commence on account of the absence of State witnesses and pro deo counsel for one of the accused. Later, the trial failed to proceed because one pro deo counsel had been excused from the case and the trial prosecutor was not in attendance. The matter failed to proceed on another date in October 2004.

Although MAVANGIRA J accepted that the absence of defence counsel was a factor beyond the control of the Attorney-General, she also held that the unexplained absence of the trial prosecutor would be visited on the Attorney General. Commenting on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act she had this to say…,:

“I thus find that section 160(2) is meant to protect accused persons from being unreasonably kept under committal for trial for longer than six months when the trial has failed to take place during that period. It is also, in my view, meant to ensure that the Attorney General ensures that trials of accused persons committed for trial are expeditiously conducted.

There must be a balancing of the interests of society vis a vis the interests of the accused person.

Indeed, our Constitution recognizes the right of an accused person to be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time. In my view, section 160(2) was enacted in that spirit and against such backdrop. But section 160(2) does not entitle the applicants to a discharge or acquittal nor does it relate to the running of prescription. It merely relates to the release from committal.”

In the present matter, I hold that from the time the applicants were committed for trial, on 4 June 2008, the six months within which they should have been brought to trial immediately commenced to run.

Between that date and when the Constitutional application was heard, the matter could not be tried because the defence had not been furnished with certain documents which were listed or described in correspondence addressed to the prosecution. The prosecution did not reply to the correspondence save that the requested witnesses' statements were availed a few days before the date of trial.

In my view, the period between committal and the hearing of the Constitutional application should be counted as part of the six months within which the applicants should have been tried. This is because the Attorney General cannot be heard to argue that those were circumstances beyond his control.

The two cases I have referred did not deal with the issue of reckoning of six months or the effect of interruption of that period.

In my view, the remarks by UCHENA J do not mean the six months must run un-interrupted and that any period preceding such interruption must be discounted. I say so because there would not have been the need for the proviso to subsection (2).

What it means, then, is that, if the aggregate period between an accused's committal and date of trial exceeds six months, even though interrupted by some other circumstances which are beyond the control of the Attorney-General, he is entitled to a dismissal.

I am fortified in my view by a phrase in the proviso, viz “not available to stand trial.”

When an accused person is committed for trial, he automatically becomes available for trial. The only time he is not available for trial would be, for example, if he is too ill or when the trial process is interrupted by some other process like an application for referral of a Constitutional issue to the Supreme Court.

Even when the State contends that, at some stage, investigations had to be conducted in relation to a suspect who attempted to facilitate the applicants' escape from custody, it cannot be said they were not available to stand trial. In any event, the interruption amounted to only a few days and would thus be inconsequential.

In the same vein, I am not persuaded that the fact that the High Court was on vacation on two occasions cited by the State constitutes a circumstance beyond the control of the Attorney General.

This is because it cannot be said the applicants were not available to stand trial.

Whichever way you consider it, the argument that the court vacation interrupts the reckoning of time is dissipated when one takes into account the definition of a calendar month.

I did not hear the State attempt to explain why the case could not be set down for trial during the First Term of 2010. It would not have required the High Court not being on vacation to set down a matter within six months that are required by section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

In light of the foregoing, it is ordered that the case against the applicants be and is hereby dismissed.

Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Dies Induciae, Time Limits and the Reckoning of Time


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State, in essence, raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter:

(i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect, counsel for the State cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that State witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted, that, between 29 March and 3 April 2010, a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect, the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Subsection (2) does not provide for the reckoning of the six months period.

Under such circumstances, one has to have recourse to the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01]. In this respect, section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act provides that:

“In an enactment —

(a)…,.;

(b)…,.;

(c) A reference to a month shall be construed as a reference to a calendar month;

(d)…,.”

Since the Interpretation Act does not define a calendar month, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines it as:

“One of the twelve months into which the year is divided according to the calendar; also the space of time from any date (e.g. the 17th) of any month to the corresponding date (the 17th) of the next, as opposed to a lunar month of 4 weeks.”

Taking the above definition, in computing time in the present matter, the court will take the date in any particular month to a corresponding date to any other month.

Counsel for the State submitted that a calendar month is the beginning of the month to the end of that month.

If one were to use that method, it would present problems with any dates that fall between the beginning and the end of a particular month. It would leave such periods unaccounted for, which, in my view, was not the intention of the legislature when section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act was enacted.

The committal of an accused person for trial before the High Court occurs when the Attorney General serves a written notice on a magistrate in terms of section 66(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. This is because in terms of section 65 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act no accused person shall be tried in the High Court unless he or she has been committed for trial by a magistrate for the offence charged in the indictment.

On committal, it is a requirement that the accused person be served with a list of witnesses the State intends to call plus a summary of the evidence of each witness sufficient to inform the accused of all the material facts upon which the State relies.

However, in practice, the State invariably furnishes the accused with copies of the witnesses' statements and any other relevant documents recovered, recorded, or compiled during the course of investigations.

The effect of committal is that an accused person is detained in prison in terms of section 66(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

Counsel for the State argued that the period of six months must be uninterrupted, and, in his written submissions, he referred to the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H) in which he quoted the remarks of UCHENA J when he commented on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

This case was a precursor to another decision of this court reported in 2005 (1) ZLR 79 (H) which involved the same accused persons.

In the first matter, the accused persons had filed a court application in which they sought the dismissal of the case against them in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. Although they had been committed for trial, their matter had subsequently been set down for trial in the Magistrates Court. Although UCHENA J did not order a dismissal, on the basis that a proper inquiry needed to be conducted regarding the delay in prosecuting the matter, this is what the learned judge had to say in respect of the proviso to section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act …,:

“The proviso to section 160(2) and section 160(3) provides for circumstances which interrupt the lapse of the six months period.

If the six months period lapses without interruption then, the accused is entitled to a dismissal of his case.

It must, however, be noted that this can only be done when the court is satisfied there is no such interruption. This should be after hearing the reasons why the case did not get to trial within the stipulated period.

In my view, dismissal cannot be ordered after a cursory inquiry based on the applicant's affidavits without affidavits from the investigating officer and the prosecutor who handled the case, or an admission by the State that there are valid reasons why the accused's case should be dismissed…,.”

When the same matter had been reinstated before the High Court, and an application was made before the Criminal Court, the facts were that the accused persons had been remanded in custody in 2002. They were subsequently indicted for trial whose date was set for 31 May 2004.

Initially, trial failed to commence on account of the absence of State witnesses and pro deo counsel for one of the accused. Later, the trial failed to proceed because one pro deo counsel had been excused from the case and the trial prosecutor was not in attendance. The matter failed to proceed on another date in October 2004.

Although MAVANGIRA J accepted that the absence of defence counsel was a factor beyond the control of the Attorney-General, she also held that the unexplained absence of the trial prosecutor would be visited on the Attorney General. Commenting on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act she had this to say…,:

“I thus find that section 160(2) is meant to protect accused persons from being unreasonably kept under committal for trial for longer than six months when the trial has failed to take place during that period. It is also, in my view, meant to ensure that the Attorney General ensures that trials of accused persons committed for trial are expeditiously conducted.

There must be a balancing of the interests of society vis a vis the interests of the accused person.

Indeed, our Constitution recognizes the right of an accused person to be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time. In my view, section 160(2) was enacted in that spirit and against such backdrop. But section 160(2) does not entitle the applicants to a discharge or acquittal nor does it relate to the running of prescription. It merely relates to the release from committal.”

In the present matter, I hold that from the time the applicants were committed for trial, on 4 June 2008, the six months within which they should have been brought to trial immediately commenced to run.

Between that date and when the Constitutional application was heard, the matter could not be tried because the defence had not been furnished with certain documents which were listed or described in correspondence addressed to the prosecution. The prosecution did not reply to the correspondence save that the requested witnesses' statements were availed a few days before the date of trial.

In my view, the period between committal and the hearing of the Constitutional application should be counted as part of the six months within which the applicants should have been tried. This is because the Attorney General cannot be heard to argue that those were circumstances beyond his control.

The two cases I have referred did not deal with the issue of reckoning of six months or the effect of interruption of that period.

In my view, the remarks by UCHENA J do not mean the six months must run un-interrupted and that any period preceding such interruption must be discounted. I say so because there would not have been the need for the proviso to subsection (2).

What it means, then, is that, if the aggregate period between an accused's committal and date of trial exceeds six months, even though interrupted by some other circumstances which are beyond the control of the Attorney-General, he is entitled to a dismissal.

I am fortified in my view by a phrase in the proviso, viz “not available to stand trial.”

When an accused person is committed for trial, he automatically becomes available for trial. The only time he is not available for trial would be, for example, if he is too ill or when the trial process is interrupted by some other process like an application for referral of a Constitutional issue to the Supreme Court.

Even when the State contends that, at some stage, investigations had to be conducted in relation to a suspect who attempted to facilitate the applicants' escape from custody, it cannot be said they were not available to stand trial. In any event, the interruption amounted to only a few days and would thus be inconsequential.

In the same vein, I am not persuaded that the fact that the High Court was on vacation on two occasions cited by the State constitutes a circumstance beyond the control of the Attorney General.

This is because it cannot be said the applicants were not available to stand trial.

Whichever way you consider it, the argument that the court vacation interrupts the reckoning of time is dissipated when one takes into account the definition of a calendar month.

I did not hear the State attempt to explain why the case could not be set down for trial during the First Term of 2010. It would not have required the High Court not being on vacation to set down a matter within six months that are required by section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

In light of the foregoing, it is ordered that the case against the applicants be and is hereby dismissed.

Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Approach iro Ambiguous, Vague, Undefined Provisions and Legislative Lacuna


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State, in essence, raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter:

(i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect, counsel for the State cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that State witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted, that, between 29 March and 3 April 2010, a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect, the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Subsection (2) does not provide for the reckoning of the six months period.

Under such circumstances, one has to have recourse to the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01]. In this respect, section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act provides that:

“In an enactment —

(a)…,.;

(b)…,.;

(c) A reference to a month shall be construed as a reference to a calendar month;

(d)…,.”

Since the Interpretation Act does not define a calendar month, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines it as:

“One of the twelve months into which the year is divided according to the calendar; also the space of time from any date (e.g. the 17th) of any month to the corresponding date (the 17th) of the next, as opposed to a lunar month of 4 weeks.”

Taking the above definition, in computing time in the present matter, the court will take the date in any particular month to a corresponding date to any other month.

Counsel for the State submitted that a calendar month is the beginning of the month to the end of that month.

If one were to use that method, it would present problems with any dates that fall between the beginning and the end of a particular month. It would leave such periods unaccounted for, which, in my view, was not the intention of the legislature when section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act was enacted.

The committal of an accused person for trial before the High Court occurs when the Attorney General serves a written notice on a magistrate in terms of section 66(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. This is because in terms of section 65 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act no accused person shall be tried in the High Court unless he or she has been committed for trial by a magistrate for the offence charged in the indictment.

On committal, it is a requirement that the accused person be served with a list of witnesses the State intends to call plus a summary of the evidence of each witness sufficient to inform the accused of all the material facts upon which the State relies.

However, in practice, the State invariably furnishes the accused with copies of the witnesses' statements and any other relevant documents recovered, recorded, or compiled during the course of investigations.

The effect of committal is that an accused person is detained in prison in terms of section 66(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

Counsel for the State argued that the period of six months must be uninterrupted, and, in his written submissions, he referred to the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H) in which he quoted the remarks of UCHENA J when he commented on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

This case was a precursor to another decision of this court reported in 2005 (1) ZLR 79 (H) which involved the same accused persons.

In the first matter, the accused persons had filed a court application in which they sought the dismissal of the case against them in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. Although they had been committed for trial, their matter had subsequently been set down for trial in the Magistrates Court. Although UCHENA J did not order a dismissal, on the basis that a proper inquiry needed to be conducted regarding the delay in prosecuting the matter, this is what the learned judge had to say in respect of the proviso to section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act …,:

“The proviso to section 160(2) and section 160(3) provides for circumstances which interrupt the lapse of the six months period.

If the six months period lapses without interruption then, the accused is entitled to a dismissal of his case.

It must, however, be noted that this can only be done when the court is satisfied there is no such interruption. This should be after hearing the reasons why the case did not get to trial within the stipulated period.

In my view, dismissal cannot be ordered after a cursory inquiry based on the applicant's affidavits without affidavits from the investigating officer and the prosecutor who handled the case, or an admission by the State that there are valid reasons why the accused's case should be dismissed…,.”

When the same matter had been reinstated before the High Court, and an application was made before the Criminal Court, the facts were that the accused persons had been remanded in custody in 2002. They were subsequently indicted for trial whose date was set for 31 May 2004.

Initially, trial failed to commence on account of the absence of State witnesses and pro deo counsel for one of the accused. Later, the trial failed to proceed because one pro deo counsel had been excused from the case and the trial prosecutor was not in attendance. The matter failed to proceed on another date in October 2004.

Although MAVANGIRA J accepted that the absence of defence counsel was a factor beyond the control of the Attorney-General, she also held that the unexplained absence of the trial prosecutor would be visited on the Attorney General. Commenting on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act she had this to say…,:

“I thus find that section 160(2) is meant to protect accused persons from being unreasonably kept under committal for trial for longer than six months when the trial has failed to take place during that period. It is also, in my view, meant to ensure that the Attorney General ensures that trials of accused persons committed for trial are expeditiously conducted.

There must be a balancing of the interests of society vis a vis the interests of the accused person.

Indeed, our Constitution recognizes the right of an accused person to be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time. In my view, section 160(2) was enacted in that spirit and against such backdrop. But section 160(2) does not entitle the applicants to a discharge or acquittal nor does it relate to the running of prescription. It merely relates to the release from committal.”

In the present matter, I hold that from the time the applicants were committed for trial, on 4 June 2008, the six months within which they should have been brought to trial immediately commenced to run.

Between that date and when the Constitutional application was heard, the matter could not be tried because the defence had not been furnished with certain documents which were listed or described in correspondence addressed to the prosecution. The prosecution did not reply to the correspondence save that the requested witnesses' statements were availed a few days before the date of trial.

In my view, the period between committal and the hearing of the Constitutional application should be counted as part of the six months within which the applicants should have been tried. This is because the Attorney General cannot be heard to argue that those were circumstances beyond his control.

The two cases I have referred did not deal with the issue of reckoning of six months or the effect of interruption of that period.

In my view, the remarks by UCHENA J do not mean the six months must run un-interrupted and that any period preceding such interruption must be discounted. I say so because there would not have been the need for the proviso to subsection (2).

What it means, then, is that, if the aggregate period between an accused's committal and date of trial exceeds six months, even though interrupted by some other circumstances which are beyond the control of the Attorney-General, he is entitled to a dismissal.

I am fortified in my view by a phrase in the proviso, viz “not available to stand trial.”

When an accused person is committed for trial, he automatically becomes available for trial. The only time he is not available for trial would be, for example, if he is too ill or when the trial process is interrupted by some other process like an application for referral of a Constitutional issue to the Supreme Court.

Even when the State contends that, at some stage, investigations had to be conducted in relation to a suspect who attempted to facilitate the applicants' escape from custody, it cannot be said they were not available to stand trial. In any event, the interruption amounted to only a few days and would thus be inconsequential.

In the same vein, I am not persuaded that the fact that the High Court was on vacation on two occasions cited by the State constitutes a circumstance beyond the control of the Attorney General.

This is because it cannot be said the applicants were not available to stand trial.

Whichever way you consider it, the argument that the court vacation interrupts the reckoning of time is dissipated when one takes into account the definition of a calendar month.

I did not hear the State attempt to explain why the case could not be set down for trial during the First Term of 2010. It would not have required the High Court not being on vacation to set down a matter within six months that are required by section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

In light of the foregoing, it is ordered that the case against the applicants be and is hereby dismissed.

Prescription re: Criminal Proceedings


The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts, as set out in counsel for the applicant's founding affidavit, are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening section 20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial, the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June, and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters, they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter, they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their Defence Outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial, the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The Defence Outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand, the State was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008, the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision, in which it dismissed the application, on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010, the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010.

During the course of the applicants' incarceration, several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, counsel for the applicants submitted, that, in terms of section 66 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] the Attorney General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect, a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted, that, in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act, an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01].

Counsel for the applicants further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time the accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the Constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the Constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing.

The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations.

At the end of the day, one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State, in essence, raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter:

(i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect, counsel for the State cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that State witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted, that, between 29 March and 3 April 2010, a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect, the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07] provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Subsection (2) does not provide for the reckoning of the six months period.

Under such circumstances, one has to have recourse to the Interpretation Act [Chapter 1:01]. In this respect, section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act provides that:

“In an enactment —

(a)…,.;

(b)…,.;

(c) A reference to a month shall be construed as a reference to a calendar month;

(d)…,.”

Since the Interpretation Act does not define a calendar month, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines it as:

“One of the twelve months into which the year is divided according to the calendar; also the space of time from any date (e.g. the 17th) of any month to the corresponding date (the 17th) of the next, as opposed to a lunar month of 4 weeks.”

Taking the above definition, in computing time in the present matter, the court will take the date in any particular month to a corresponding date to any other month.

Counsel for the State submitted that a calendar month is the beginning of the month to the end of that month.

If one were to use that method, it would present problems with any dates that fall between the beginning and the end of a particular month. It would leave such periods unaccounted for, which, in my view, was not the intention of the legislature when section 33(6) of the Interpretation Act was enacted.

The committal of an accused person for trial before the High Court occurs when the Attorney General serves a written notice on a magistrate in terms of section 66(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. This is because in terms of section 65 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act no accused person shall be tried in the High Court unless he or she has been committed for trial by a magistrate for the offence charged in the indictment.

On committal, it is a requirement that the accused person be served with a list of witnesses the State intends to call plus a summary of the evidence of each witness sufficient to inform the accused of all the material facts upon which the State relies.

However, in practice, the State invariably furnishes the accused with copies of the witnesses' statements and any other relevant documents recovered, recorded, or compiled during the course of investigations.

The effect of committal is that an accused person is detained in prison in terms of section 66(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

Counsel for the State argued that the period of six months must be uninterrupted, and, in his written submissions, he referred to the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S 2005 (1) ZLR 6 (H) in which he quoted the remarks of UCHENA J when he commented on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act.

This case was a precursor to another decision of this court reported in 2005 (1) ZLR 79 (H) which involved the same accused persons.

In the first matter, the accused persons had filed a court application in which they sought the dismissal of the case against them in terms of section 160(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. Although they had been committed for trial, their matter had subsequently been set down for trial in the Magistrates Court. Although UCHENA J did not order a dismissal, on the basis that a proper inquiry needed to be conducted regarding the delay in prosecuting the matter, this is what the learned judge had to say in respect of the proviso to section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act …,:

“The proviso to section 160(2) and section 160(3) provides for circumstances which interrupt the lapse of the six months period.

If the six months period lapses without interruption then, the accused is entitled to a dismissal of his case.

It must, however, be noted that this can only be done when the court is satisfied there is no such interruption. This should be after hearing the reasons why the case did not get to trial within the stipulated period.

In my view, dismissal cannot be ordered after a cursory inquiry based on the applicant's affidavits without affidavits from the investigating officer and the prosecutor who handled the case, or an admission by the State that there are valid reasons why the accused's case should be dismissed…,.”

When the same matter had been reinstated before the High Court, and an application was made before the Criminal Court, the facts were that the accused persons had been remanded in custody in 2002. They were subsequently indicted for trial whose date was set for 31 May 2004.

Initially, trial failed to commence on account of the absence of State witnesses and pro deo counsel for one of the accused. Later, the trial failed to proceed because one pro deo counsel had been excused from the case and the trial prosecutor was not in attendance. The matter failed to proceed on another date in October 2004.

Although MAVANGIRA J accepted that the absence of defence counsel was a factor beyond the control of the Attorney-General, she also held that the unexplained absence of the trial prosecutor would be visited on the Attorney General. Commenting on section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act she had this to say…,:

“I thus find that section 160(2) is meant to protect accused persons from being unreasonably kept under committal for trial for longer than six months when the trial has failed to take place during that period. It is also, in my view, meant to ensure that the Attorney General ensures that trials of accused persons committed for trial are expeditiously conducted.

There must be a balancing of the interests of society vis a vis the interests of the accused person.

Indeed, our Constitution recognizes the right of an accused person to be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time. In my view, section 160(2) was enacted in that spirit and against such backdrop. But section 160(2) does not entitle the applicants to a discharge or acquittal nor does it relate to the running of prescription. It merely relates to the release from committal.”

In the present matter, I hold that from the time the applicants were committed for trial, on 4 June 2008, the six months within which they should have been brought to trial immediately commenced to run.

Between that date and when the Constitutional application was heard, the matter could not be tried because the defence had not been furnished with certain documents which were listed or described in correspondence addressed to the prosecution. The prosecution did not reply to the correspondence save that the requested witnesses' statements were availed a few days before the date of trial.

In my view, the period between committal and the hearing of the Constitutional application should be counted as part of the six months within which the applicants should have been tried. This is because the Attorney General cannot be heard to argue that those were circumstances beyond his control.

The two cases I have referred did not deal with the issue of reckoning of six months or the effect of interruption of that period.

In my view, the remarks by UCHENA J do not mean the six months must run un-interrupted and that any period preceding such interruption must be discounted. I say so because there would not have been the need for the proviso to subsection (2).

What it means, then, is that, if the aggregate period between an accused's committal and date of trial exceeds six months, even though interrupted by some other circumstances which are beyond the control of the Attorney-General, he is entitled to a dismissal.

I am fortified in my view by a phrase in the proviso, viz “not available to stand trial.”

When an accused person is committed for trial, he automatically becomes available for trial. The only time he is not available for trial would be, for example, if he is too ill or when the trial process is interrupted by some other process like an application for referral of a Constitutional issue to the Supreme Court.

Even when the State contends that, at some stage, investigations had to be conducted in relation to a suspect who attempted to facilitate the applicants' escape from custody, it cannot be said they were not available to stand trial. In any event, the interruption amounted to only a few days and would thus be inconsequential.

In the same vein, I am not persuaded that the fact that the High Court was on vacation on two occasions cited by the State constitutes a circumstance beyond the control of the Attorney General.

This is because it cannot be said the applicants were not available to stand trial.

Whichever way you consider it, the argument that the court vacation interrupts the reckoning of time is dissipated when one takes into account the definition of a calendar month.

I did not hear the State attempt to explain why the case could not be set down for trial during the First Term of 2010. It would not have required the High Court not being on vacation to set down a matter within six months that are required by section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

In light of the foregoing, it is ordered that the case against the applicants be and is hereby dismissed.

MUSAKWA J: The applicants are seeking the dismissal of the charge for which they were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 on the basis that they were not brought to trial within six months of such committal.

The facts as set out in Mr Warara's founding affidavit are that the applicants were arrested on charges of contravening s20 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Cap 9:23]. They have been in custody since 30 May 2007. On 4 June 2008 they were served with indictment papers for trial before the High Court on 7 July 2008.

Subsequent to the committal for trial the defence wrote to the prosecution on 5 June, 12 June and 2 July 2008.

In the first two letters they sought to be furnished with documentation and witnesses' statements. In the last letter they were reminding the prosecution of the delay in being furnished with witnesses' statements and the difficulties defence counsel experienced in accessing the applicants in order to prepare their defence outline.

There were no replies to those letters.

On the date of trial the matter could not be heard as the defence persisted with its complaints. The defence outline was later filed on 11 July 2008. On the other hand the state was notified of the defence's intention to raise a constitutional challenge against the charge that was preferred against the applicants.

On 5 August 2008 the constitutional issue was argued before HLATSHWAYO J who reserved judgment. Judgment was handed down on 18 November 2008 whereupon the matter was referred to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court handed down its decision in which it dismissed the application on 7 December 2009.

Following the Supreme Court decision, the applicants' counsel personally attended at the offices of the Attorney-General where he requested that the matter be set down during the First Term of 2010. He was advised that it was not possible to set the matter down during that term.

In March 2010 the defence was notified of the setting down of the matter for 21 June 2010. During the course of the applicants' incarceration several applications for bail have been made. There was also an attempt to re-indict the applicants at the Magistrates Court a week before 21 June 2010. This was successfully resisted by the defence.

In his heads of argument, Mr Warara submitted that in terms of s66 of the Criminal Procedure and evidence Act [Cap 9:07] the Attorney-General is dominus litis in respect of cases he decides to prosecute. In this respect a matter may be set down for trial even a year in advance.

He further submitted that in terms of s160(2) an accused who has been committed for trial but not tried within six months is entitled to have his case dismissed. He also submitted that the provision in question is meant to protect an accused person from lengthy incarceration before he is brought to trial. The period in question should be six calendar months calculated in terms of the Interpretation Act [Cap 1:01].

Mr Warara further submitted that the reckoning of time is between the time accused persons were indicted and the trial date. That period should exclude the time the constitutional application was awaiting determination by the Supreme Court. That is the only time the applicants were not available for trial as the trial could not be set down whilst the constitutional application was still pending.

The State did not file an opposing affidavit.

I must also point out that despite the State having been directed to file a response to the application by 28 June 2010 what were only filed were the State's submissions on the day of hearing. The court was made to understand that the officer who previously attended to this matter was ill-disposed. However, that does not absolve the State from its obligations. At the end of the day one cannot say the matter was opposed in the manner expected of a contested application because effectively all the averments that were made against the State in the applicants' founding affidavit went unanswered save for issues of law that were addressed in the submissions.

In its written response, the State in essence raised two aspects regarding the delay in the matter; (i) Firstly, it is contended that the calculation of the period within which accused persons should have been brought to trial should take into account the times the High Court was on vacation. In this respect, it was submitted that the High Court was on vacation between 29 November 2009 and 12 January 2010 as well as between 1 April and 10 May 2010. The two vacations are taken as a period that was beyond the control of the Attorney-General as no trial could be heard during those periods.

Allied to this submission is the contention that the six months that entitle a dismissal of the case must run uninterrupted. In this respect counsel for the state cited the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S whose correct citation is 2005 (1) Z.L.R 6 (H).

(ii) The other contention is that state witnesses had to be secured first before the case was set down for trial.

It was also submitted that between 29 March and 3 April 2010 a suspect was arrested on allegations of abetting the applicants in their attempt to escape from custody. This necessitated a delay as the matter had to be investigated. In this respect the suspect was tried and convicted on 8 April 2010.

Section 160 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act provides that:

“(1) Except as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act as to the postponement or adjournment of a trial, every person committed for trial or sentence whom the Attorney-General has decided to prosecute before the High Court shall be brought to trial on such date as may be determined by the Attorney-General:

Provided that the High Court may, on application by the accused and on good cause shown by him, order that the trial shall take place on an earlier date than that determined by the Attorney-General.

(2) If a person referred to in subsection (1) is not brought to trial after the expiry of six months from the date of his committal for trial, his case shall be dismissed:

Provided that any period during which such person is, through circumstances beyond the control of the Attorney-General, not available to stand trial shall not be included as part of the period of six months referred to in this subsection.”

It is clear from a reading of the above provision that the prerogative of setting down a criminal matter for trial is that of the Attorney-General. The only time an accused person may be granted an earlier date is upon application before the court.

Subsection (2) does not provide for the reckoning of the six months period.

Under such circumstances one has to have recourse to the Interpretation Act. In this respect s33(6) of the Act provides that:

“In an enactment —

(a)…………………………;

(b)…………………………;

(c) a reference to a month shall be construed as a reference to a calendar month;

(d) ……………………….”

Since the Act does not define a calendar month, The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines it as:

“One of the twelve months into which the year is divided according to the calendar; also the space of time from any date (e.g. the 17th) of any month to the corresponding date (the 17th) of the next, as opposed to a lunar month of 4 weeks.”

Taking the above definition, in computing time in the present matter the court will take the date in any particular month to a corresponding date to any other month.

Mr Mutangadura submitted that a calendar month is the beginning of the month to the end of that month.

If one were to use that method it would present problems with any dates that fall between the beginning and the end of a particular month. It would leave such periods unaccounted for, which in my view was not the intention of the legislature when s33(6) was enacted.

The committal of an accused person for trial before the High Court occurs when the Attorney-General serves a written notice on a magistrate in terms of s66(1) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act. This is because in terms of s65 no accused person shall be tried in the High Court unless he or she has been committed for trial by a magistrate for the offence charged in the indictment.

On committal it is a requirement that the accused person be served with a list of witnesses the State intends to call plus a summary of the evidence of each witness sufficient to inform accused of all the material facts upon which the State relies.

However, in practice the State invariably furnishes the accused with copies of the witnesses' statements and any other relevant documents recovered, recorded or compiled during the course of investigations.

The effect of committal is that an accused person is detained in prison in terms of s66(2).

Mr Mutangadura argued that the period of six months must be uninterrupted and in his written submissions he referred to the case of Garikai Mukuze and Another v S (supra) in which he quoted the remarks of UCHENA J when he commented on s160.

This case was a precursor to another decision of this court reported in 2005 (1) Z.L.R 79 (H) which involved the same accused persons.

In the first matter the accused persons had filed a court application in which they sought the dismissal of the case against them in terms of s160(2). Although they had been committed for trial their matter had subsequently been set down for trial in the Magistrates Court. Although UCHENA J did not order a dismissal on the basis that a proper inquiry needed to be conducted regarding the delay in prosecuting the matter, this is what the learned judge had to say in respect of the proviso to s160 at p 11:

“The proviso to s160(2) and s160(3) provides for circumstances which interrupt the lapse of the six months period. If the six months period lapses without interruption then, the accused is entitled to a dismissal of his case. It must however, be noted that this can only be done when the court is satisfied there is no such interruption. This should be after hearing the reasons why the case did not get to trial within the stipulated period. In my view, dismissal cannot be ordered after a cursory inquiry based on the applicant's affidavits without affidavits from the investigating officer and the prosecutor who handled the case, or an admission by the State that there are valid reasons why the accused's case should be dismissed…….”

When the same matter had been reinstated before the High Court and an application was made before the criminal court the facts were that accused persons had been remanded in custody in 2002. They were subsequently indicted for trial whose date was set for 31 May 2004.

Initially trial failed to commence on account of the absence of State witnesses and pro deo counsel for one of the accused. Later the trial failed to proceed because one pro deo counsel had been excused from the case and the trial prosecutor was not in attendance. The matter failed to proceed on another date in October 2004.

Although MAVANGIRA J accepted that the absence of defense counsel was a factor beyond the control of the Attorney-General she also held that the unexplained absence of the trial prosecutor would be visited on the Attorney-General. Commenting on s160 she had this to say at p86:

“I thus find that s160(2) is meant to protect accused persons from being unreasonably kept under committal for trial for longer than six months when the trial has failed to take place during that period. It is also, in my view, meant to ensure that the Attorney-General ensures that trials of accused persons committed for trial are expeditiously conducted. There must be a balancing of the interests of society vis a vis the interests of the accused person. Indeed, our constitution recognizes the right of an accused person to be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time. In my view, s160(2) was enacted in that spirit and against such backdrop. But s160(2) does not entitle the applicants to a discharge or acquittal nor does it relate to the running of prescription. It merely relates to the release from committal.”

In the present matter I hold that from the time the applicants were committed for trial on 4 June 2008 the six months within which they should have been brought to trial immediately commenced to run.

Between that date and when the constitutional application was heard the matter could not be tried because the defence had not been furnished with certain documents which were listed or described in correspondence addressed to the prosecution. The prosecution did not reply to the correspondence save that the requested witnesses' statements were availed a few days before the date of trial.

In my view the period between committal and the hearing of the constitutional application should be counted as part of the six months within which the applicants should have been tried. This is because the Attorney-General cannot be heard to argue that those were circumstances beyond his control.

The two cases I have referred did not deal with the issue of reckoning of six months or the effect of interruption of that period.

In my view the remarks by UCHENA J do not mean the six months must run uninterrupted and that any period preceding such interruption must be discounted. I say so because there would not have been the need for the proviso to ss(2).

What it means then is that, if the aggregate period between an accused's committal and date of trial exceeds six months even though interrupted by some other circumstances which are beyond the control of the Attorney-General he is entitled to a dismissal.

I am fortified in my view by a phrase in the proviso, viz 'not available to stand trial'.

When an accused person is committed for trial he automatically becomes available for trial. The only time he is not available for trial would be for example, if he is too ill or when the trial process is interrupted by some other process like an application for referral of a constitutional issue to the Supreme Court.

Even when the State contends that at some stage investigations had to be conducted in relation to a suspect who attempted to facilitate the applicants' escape from custody, it cannot be said they were not available to stand trial. In any event, the interruption amounted to only a few days and would thus be inconsequential.

In the same vein I am not persuaded that the fact that the High Court was on vacation on two occasions cited by the State constitutes a circumstance beyond the control of the Attorney-General.

This is because it cannot be said the applicants were not available to stand trial.

Whichever way you consider it, the argument that the court vacation interrupts the reckoning of time is dissipated when one takes into account the definition of a calendar month.

I did not hear the State attempt to explain why the case could not be set down for trial during the First Term of 2010. It would not have required the High Court not being on vacation to set down a matter within six months that are required by s160.

In light of the foregoing it is ordered that the case against the applicants be and is hereby dismissed.







Warara & Associates, the applicants' legal practitioners

Attorney General's Office, respondent's legal practitioners

Back Main menu

Categories

Back to top

For with God All Things Are Possible (Matthew 19 v26)

© 2014. Law Portal Zimbabwe V1.5 . All rights reserved. Powered by RueDigital