CHITAKUNYE
J: On 28 February 2007, the plaintiff
entered into a deed of sale with the defendant for the purchase of an immovable
property being subdivision B of subdivision D of subdivision A of Lot 4 of Lot
A of Colne Valley of Rietfontein otherwise known as 47 Addington Lane Ballentine
Park, Harare.
Ms
Lauraine O'neil was the defendant's selling agent.
The
clauses on the purchase price and manner of payment stated that:
- The purchaser shall pay to the seller the amount of
GBP180 000-00 (one hundred and eighty thousand British pounds for the
property.
- The purchaser shall pay the purchase price to the
seller free of bank commission and any bank special clearance charges or
other such charges, by means of the following installments:
(a) GBP30.000 (Thirty thousand British pounds) on or before
31 March 2007.
(b) GBP30.000-00 (thirty thousand British pounds) on or
before 30 July 2007.
(c) GBP30,000-00 (thirty thousand British pounds) on or
before 30 December 2007.
(d) GBP30,000-00 (thirty thousand British pounds) on or
before 31 March 2008.
(e) GBP30,000 (thirty thousand British pounds) on or before
30 July 2008.
(f) GBP30,000-00 (thirty thousand British pounds) on or
before 30 November 2008.
Other clauses
pertinent to the resolution of the dispute were as follows:
Clause -
"7. The purchaser is currently renting the properties
and will continue paying monthly rental, equivalent to the official midbank
rate of GBP250-00 (two hundred and fifty British pounds) until such time as the
full purchase price has been paid.
8....,.
9. With
effect from the effective date the purchaser shall ensure that at all times a
good and sufficient insurance policy is maintained in respect of the properties
and that the improvements thereon are insured against all the risks specified
in such policy for the current replacements or reinstatement value thereof".
On the status of
the Deed of Sale Clause 17 states that:
"This Deed of
Sale represents the entire contract between the parties and no oral amendment
thereof or addition thereto shall have any force or effect unless and until
reduced to writing and signed by the parties each before two witnesses"; and
lastly
Clause 19/20 as
amended states that:
"The purchaser
acknowledges having been introduced to the seller by Lauraine O'neil and
confirms that the commission of 7 and a half percent (seven and a half percent)
calculated at the pararrel market rate on the date of payment and 15% VAT due
will be paid to her in two equal installments one paid at the time of the first
installment which is due on 31 March 2007 and the second one paid on 31 May
2007."
On
30 March 2007, the plaintiff tendered to Lauraine O'neil a sum of $14 400
000-00 (Zimbabwean currency) purportedly as payment for the first installment
of GBP30 000-00. That tender was rejected by the defendant through her legal
practitioners as not being in accordance with the Deed of Sale. The defendant
demanded payment of the said installment in British pounds sterling as is
stated in the agreement within fourteen days by their letter dated 4 April
2007.
On
27 April 2007 the defendant purported to cancel the Deed of Sale as the
plaintiff had not paid the first installment.
The
plaintiff challenged the cancellation of the deed of sale. On 10 January 2008
the plaintiff sued the defendant. The plaintiff's claim was for:
1. An order declaring that the agreement between the
parties remains in force.
2. An order that the defendant transfer to the plaintiff
subdivision B of subdivision D of subdivision A of Lot 4 of Lot A of Colne
Valley of Rietfontein on payment of the purchase price in full in Zimbabwean
currency and on compliance with the other terms and conditions of the agreement
of sale.
The
defendant admitted entering into the said Deed of Sale with the plaintiff with
the terms and conditions as reflected therein. She contended that the purchase
price was payable in British pounds
sterling, as is stated in clause 3 and 4 of the Deed of sale. She categorically
denied that payment was to be in Zimbabwe dollars.
The
amounts payable by the plaintiff in Zimbabwean currency were the commission to
L O'neil together with 15% VAT and the rentals. To this extent the
defendant referred to clauses 7 and
19/20 of the deed of sale.
In
the alternative the defendant concluded that there was no consensus ad idem between the parties with regard
to the purchase price and, , if the defendant had known that it was the
plaintiff's intention (which is denied) that the purchase price was to be paid
in Zimbabwean dollars equivalent of GBP180 000-00 the defendant would not have
entered the contract with the plaintiff.
The
defendant made a counter claim in which she
prayed for an order that:
(a) The sale of the property is void;
(b) The plaintiff shall give the defendant immediately
vacant possession of the property;
(c) The plaintiff shall ensure the property 's improvements
against the risks specified in a standard home owner's insurance policy, for
their current replacement or reinstalement value from time to time, and until
on in time as he gives the defendant vacant possession the property; and
(d) The plaintiff shall pay the defendant's cost of suit on
the legal practitioner and client scale.
A total of fourteen issues were identified for trial. The first six of these
issues which I believe reflect the core of the dispute included the following:
1. Was the
purchase price 180 000-00 British pounds or the Zimbabwean dollar equivalent
thereof?
2. What did each
party intend the purchase price to be 180,000-00 British pounds or the
Zimbabwean dollar equivalent thereof.
3. If it was the
plaintiff's intention that the purchase price was to be the Zimbabwe dollar
equivalent of 180 000-00 pounds, was these consensus ad idem between the parties with regard to the purchase price.
4. If the
purchase price was payable in the form of 180,000-00 British Pounds as opposed to the Zimbabwe dollar equivalent thereof, was it
payable in Zimbabwe or
outside Zimbabwe?
5. Given the
plaintiff's averment that he has never had free funds or funds in a foreign
currency account, did the sale contravene the provisions of the Exchange
Control Act and regulations, thereby rendering itself illegal, void and
unenforceable?; and.
6. Did
plaintiff's refusal to pay the purchase price in British pounds sterling
exhibit a deliberate and unequivocal intention no longer to be bound by a
material term of the sale?
The
cardinal point revolved on the purchase price and manner of payment of that
purchase price.
The
plaintiff gave evidence after which his wife testified. A bundle of documents
was tendered into evidence. In his evidence the plaintiff made reference to
some of the documents in that bundle.
The
plaintiff's evidence was to the effect that though the purchase price and
manner of payment were expressed in British pounds sterling, the actual payment
was in fact to be effected in the Zimbabwean dollar equivalent. He argued that
that is what the parties agreed to. The exchange rate was the mid bank
rate/official bank rate.
From
the pleadings filed of record and the plaintiff's evidence, it is common cause
that the sellers were resident outside Zimbabwe. Both the plaintiff and
his wife confirmed that to their knowledge the sellers had no intentions of
ever coming back to Zimbabwe.
It
is thus common cause that from the onset the plaintiff knew that the purchase
price he was to pay irrespective of the currency was for the credit of a
non-resident. It is further common cause that apart from the purchase price,
the plaintiff was required to pay other sums comprising 7.5% commission to
Lauraine O'neil and 15% value added tax and rent for the property in question.
In
terms of clause 7 of the Deed of sale the rentals which the plaintiff was to
continue paying until the purchase price was paid in full was pegged at GBP250-00
paid in Zimbabwe
dollars equivalent to the official mid bank rate.
Clause
19/20 on dealing with the commission states clearly that the 7.5% commission to
be paid by the plaintiff to Ms L O'neil was to be calculated using the pararrel
market exchange rate. This was clearly illegal. It is nevertheless what the
parties agreed to.
It
is very clear from the above two clauses that apart from quoting the currency
in British pounds sterling, the parties went further to provide the exchange
rate to be applied in respect of each payment.
It
is these same parties, who were alive to the different rates of exchange who in
their clauses 3 and 4 of the Deed of sale, did not provide for an exchange
rate.
Clauses
3 and 4 do not in any way show that the British pounds sterling were to be paid
out in any other currency.
The
plaintiff and his wife could not point at any amendment that was made to the
above clauses. They also could not say, why there was no provision for an
exchange rate if it was agreed that the purchase price be paid in Zimbabwe
dollars.
It
was a case of arguing that because the
rentals and commission were paid in Zimbabwean dollars, so the purchase price
was to be paid in the same currency.
After
the plaintiff had closed his case the defendant applied for absolution from the
instance contending that the plaintiff had not established a case for the
defendant to be called upon to rebut.
An
absolution from the instance maybe granted where from the evidence adduced, the
plaintiff has not made out a case whereby a reasonable court may or could find
in his favor if the defendant did not rebut the testimony given.
In
Lourenco v Raja Dry Cleaners & Steam Laundry (Pvt) Ltd 1984 (2) ZLR 151
(S) DUMBUTSHENA CJ quoted with approval the words of CORBETT JA in Mazibuko v Santam Insurance Co Ltd & Anor 1983 (3) SA 123 (AD) at 132-1323
H whereat CORBETT JA said that:
"In an
application for absolution made by the defendant at the close of the
plaintiff's case the question to which the court must address itself is whether
the plaintiff has adduced evidence upon which a court, applying it s mind
reasonably, could or might find for the plaintiff in other words whether the plaintiff
has made out a prima facie case. This
is trite law".
In
casu the hurdle the plaintiff had to
overcome pertained to clear clauses that the parties agreed to. The question is
- could or might a reasonable court applying its mind reasonably to the evidence
adduced by the plaintiff find for the plaintiff that payment was to actually be
made in Zimbabwe dollar equivalent; moreso equivalent at the official exchange
rate. Is it possible that the court could or might find that the parties in
fact agreed on the exchange rate.
The
clauses dealing with the purchase price and manner of payment admit of no
ambiguity at all. The clauses that dealt with other payments, other than the
purchase price went further to state in what currency they would be paid in and
at what exchange rate. The omission of an exchange rate for the purchase price
when paying in Zimbabwe
dollars was clearly deliberate as the parties did not intend that the purchase
price be paid in Zimbabwe
dollars.
The
plaintiff's contention in this regard is clearly untenable. As was shown during
the cross-examination of the plaintiff, the GBP 180 000-00 was about 86 million
Zimbabwe
dollars if exchanged at the then official exchange rate. Yet the plaintiff
himself had said he initially offered 1.5 billion Zimbabwe dollars which apparently
was not accepted. The plaintiff later said the purchase price was 1.6 billion Zimbabwe
dollars. That again could not have been at the official exchange rate. It may
also be noted that the 7.5% commission that the plaintiff was required to pay
to Ms L O'neil at the pararrel market rate was in fact far in excess of the
purchase price calculated at the official rate.
In
his letter to Ms O'neil dated 7 July 2006 (at p 10 of the plaintiff's bundle)
the plaintiff complained about the seller's change of prices. In that letter he
indicated that he had initially offered 1.5 billion Zimbabwe
dollars but the seller had asked for 170,000-00 United States dollars. When he agreed to this price and as he was
waiting for the agreement of sale, the seller changed the price to 220,000-00
United States dollars which he again accepted. On p 2 of that letter, second
last paragraph, he alludes to the fact that as of June 2005 US$220,000-00 was
equivalent to Z$7,000,000,000-00 (Zimbabwean dollars) and that as of July 2006
it had now jumped to Z$99 billion Zimbabwe dollars. These figures and
phenomena increases were indicative of the plaintiff converting the price from United States dollars to Zimbabwe
dollars at pararrel market rates and not official mid bank rates. He in fact
went on to quote the price in British pounds and said that was now Z$153
billion (Zimbabwe
dollars) This was for the GBP 180,000-00.
The
impression created is that the plaintiff was using the pararrel market rate to
assess his ability to acquire the requisite foreign currency needed for the
purchase price.
The
plaintiff confirmed that in the correspondence or communication he was
receiving from Ms L O'neil it was clear the sellers were asking for the
purchase price in foreign currency.
It
was in this vein that he was heard to say he did not know how O'neil was going
to handle what he would have paid to ensure it reached the sellers.
It
is clear to me that the plaintiff has not established a prima facie case that the purchase price was payable in Zimbabwe
dollars. If anything, it is apparent that the purchase price was payable in
foreign currency i.e. in British pounds sterling.
The
plaintiff did not deny knowledge of clause 17 of the Deed of Sale. As already
alluded to that clause it states that the Deed of Sale represents the entire
contract between the parties and no oral amendment thereof or addition thereto
shall have any force or effect unless and until reduced to writing and signed
by the parties each before two witnesses.
No
amendment was made to the purchase price and manner of payment thereof. The
plaintiff's evidence fell far short of showing that any such amendment was ever
agreed to, let alone put in writing
Thus
clause 3 which states that the purchaser
shall pay to the sellers the amount of GBP180,000-00 (one hundred and eighty
thousand British pounds) for the property remained intact. Clause 4 that
provided for payment in six installments
of GBP30,000-00 each also remained intact.
The
Deed of Sale did not state where the payment was to be made. This becomes a
matter of the plaintiff's word. If it was to be made in Zimbabwe it was still going to be contrary to
the Zimbabwe
laws.
Section
10 (1) of the Exchange Control Regulations SI 109/96 states that:
"10(1) unless authorized by any
exchange control authority, no person shall, in Zimbabwe -
(a) make any payment to or for the credit of a foreign
resident; or
(c) place any money to the credit of a
foreign resident.
Section 10 (2) states that:
Subsection (1) shall not apply to:
(a) any payment lawfully made from money held in a foreign
currency account or
(b) such other transactions as maybe prescribed."
In
his evidence the plaintiff said he had no money in a foreign currency account
and so he was not exempted from seeking authority. It was his evidence that at
the time of entering into the Deed of Sale he had not obtained authority from
any Exchange Control Authority. There was no denying that the Deed of Sale
obligated him to make payment for the credit of a foreign resident. It was also
his evidence that at the time he attempted to make the first payment in Zimbabwe
dollars he had not obtained the requisite authority.
Indeed
as at the date of trial which was well after the date when the last installment
was due he still had not obtained the requisite exchange control authority.
Even his purported tender of the full purchase price in Zimbabwe
dollars was done without such authority. Such purported tender was therefore
illegal and of no force or effect.
In
Macape (Pty) Ltd v Executrix, estate Forrester 1991 (1) ZLR 315 (S) at 320 B-D MCNALLY JA had
this to say about the above situation:
"In other words,
where one is concerned with payments inside Zimbabwe it is perfectly lawful to
enter into the agreement to pay. But without authority from the Reserve Bank,
the actual payment may not be made"
In Barker African
Homes Homesteads Touring & Safaris (Pvt)
Ltd & Anor 2003 (2) ZLR 6 (S)
SANDURA JA had this to say on payment in Zimbabwe
in Zimbabwe
dollars but for the credit of a non-resident
at p 9 B-C:
"Whilst the
agreement to pay Z$15 000 000-00 to or for the credit of Barker in Zimbabwe
would not be unlawful, the actual payment would be unlawful unless authorized
by the exchange control authority.
That
is so because of the wording of s 10 (1)(a) of the Regulations which read as
follows:
"Unless
otherwise authorized by an exchange control authority no person shall in Zimbabwe:
(a) make any payment to or for the credit of a foreign
resident".
I
am of the view that even if court were for some reason to accept that payment
was to be in Zimbabwe
dollars, which I am not accepting, any purported payment in furtherance of the
Deed of Sale to or for the credit of the defendant was unlawful. This court
cannot be seen to be sanctioning such purported payment as valid for the
purposes of enforcing the Deed of Sale.
The
plaintiff's purported tender was without authority and so unlawful. In terms of
clause 4 of the Deed of Sale, the first installment was supposed to have been
paid on or before 31 March 2007 and the last installment on or before 30
November 2008.
No
payment or lawful tender was made for the payment of the purchase price and so
the plaintiff has lamentably failed to establish a prima facie case for the enforcement of the Deed of Sale.
No
reasonable court can or might find for the plaintiff from the evidence adduced so
far. It would be an exercise in futility to put the defendant on her defence.
The
defendant's counter claim was based on the plaintiff's default in complying
with the terms of the Deed of Sale.
In
as far as I have made a finding on the unlawfulness of any purported tender,
clearly the plaintiff has not complied with the terms of the Deed of Sale. The
condition to him complying with the Deed of Sale was that he had to obtain the
requisite authority which he did not.
In
Brian Stevenson v Maxwell Matsvimbo Sibanda HC 3212/08
which was to be heard together with this case HC 161/08, the plaintiff sought
the immediate eviction of the defendant for the property in question and
payment of holding over damages from 15 July 2007.
This
relief sought is similar in some material way to G A Stevenson's counter claim
in HC 161/08.
It
is my view that the decision in HC 161/08 should assist the parties in this
regard. As the plaintiff in HC 3212/08 did not give evidence I cannot make a
determination on it. The cardinal point at this stage is whether to give an
absolution from the instance in HC 161/08 or not. That is the concern of this ruling.
Accordingly
I hereby grant the defendant an absolution from the instance with costs.
Kantor & Immerman, plaintiff's legal practitioners
Wintertons, defendant's legal practitioners