BHUNUJ: This is an urgent chamber application for a
spoliation order coupled with an interdict. The Applicant seeks a final order
as amended in the following terms:
1. That the termination by
Respondent of the Applicant's water supplies on the basis of a disputed water
bill and in the absence of a court order is unlawful self-help.
2. Respondent and all its
employees be and are hereby interdicted from interfering whatsoever with,
disrupting or terminating Applicant's water supply without a court order.
3. That the respondents shall
pay the costs of suit on the higher scale of legal practitioner and client
scale only if it opposes the application.
In the interim the Applicant seeks a provisional order
directing the Respondent to reconnect water supplies at his premises. He also
seeks an interim interdict barring the Respondent and its employees from
interfering with his possession of the premises by interfering or terminating
water supplies to the premises and costs at the higher scale
The bulk of the facts giving rise to the application
are not in dispute. The applicant is a lawful tenant and occupant of flat
number 12 at Northcliff block of flats in the City of Harare. The respondent is
the City of Harare, a municipal authority duly constituted in terms of the
Urban Councils Act [Cap 29:15].It is the sole supplier of domestic
water in the city including the Applicant's block of flats.
Sometime in May 2013 the respondent sent the Applicant a
bill of US$1 700-00 claiming payment for water services rendered. The Applicant
flatly disputed owing the amount claimed or any other amount for that matter.
He maintained that he had always paid his bills in full and on time. He has
attached proof of payment to his application. He argued that the amount claimed
pertains to a bulk meter not connected to his premises.
On 31 May 2013 the Respondent without any further ado
unilaterally and arbitrarily disconnected water supplies to the Applicant's
premises prompting him to file this urgent chamber application the following
day for a spoliation order directing the Respondent to restore water services
pending resolution of the dispute by the courts.
Having regard to the urgency of the case when seized with
the matter I immediately ordered by consent of the parties restoration of the
water services forthwith pending the determination of this application to avert
a catastrophe as one cannot survive without water. The Respondent duly complied
thereby ameliorating the urgency of the matter.
Despite the existence of a lawful consent court order
barring the Respondent from disconnecting water services from the Applicant's
premises until the finalisation of this application, the Respondent still
went ahead and defiantly disconnected water services from the Applicant's premises
with impunity without any Court order or legal justification. In spite of
the Applicant's pleas pointing out that the Respondent was in contempt of Court
it insolently refused to reconnect water supplies to his premises. It had again
to take the intervention of this Court and threats of imprisonment for contempt
of court for the City Council authorities to restore water to the Applicant's
premises.
The Respondent raised a number of preliminary issues
regarding the propriety of some issues placed by the applicant before this
Court. Whatever complaints the Respondent might have had, have since been
addressed by the amendments that I granted during the course of this hearing.
The undisputed facts before me clearly establish that prior
to the dispossession the Applicant was in peaceful and undisturbed possession
of the water connection in dispute. The only issue that arises is whether such
dispossession was lawful.
There is no substance in the Respondent's claim that the
Applicant was no longer in peaceful and undisturbed possession of the water
connection because of its threats to disconnect water to the premises. That
argument goes against public policy that no one should benefit from his own
inequity. If its argument is sustained the Respondent stands to benefit from
its own wrongs or inequities should the threats turn out to be unjustified or
baseless.
The doctrine against deriving benefit from one's own wrongs
was amply articulated with characteristic lucidity in the famous American case
of Riggs vPalmer (1899) 115 NY 506, NE 188. In that case the
New York court had this to say:
“All courts may be controlled in their operation and effect
by general, fundamental maxims of the common law. No one shall be permitted to
profit by his own fraud, or to take advantage of his own wrong, or to found his
own claim upon his own inequity or to acquire property by his own crime.”
This Court came to the same conclusion in the case of Wang
& Ors. vRanchod & Ors 2005 (1) ZLR 415 where a wife who
had shot and killed her husband wanted to be appointed executrix dative to his
estate to the exclusion of his relatives.
I accordingly hold that the matter is properly before
me and proceed to determine the application on the merits.
The dispute that has arisen between the parties has to do
with their respective rights and obligations in respect of the provision of
water to a citizen by a municipal authority such as the City of Harare. The
parties are generally agreed that the Respondent has an obligation to provide
water and the applicant in turn is obliged to pay for it. The point of
departure is what happens in the event that there is a dispute regarding
payment. In that case, is the respondent entitled to self-help and to
unilaterally cut off water supplies to a citizen without recourse to law? Put
differently is the respondent entitled to self help without recourse to the
courts of law and be a law unto itself.
The Respondent's argument is that by virtue of s 8 of the
City of Harare's water by-laws S.I 164 of 1913 as read with s 198 (3) and s 69
of the third Schedule to the Urban Councils Act it is clothed with unfettered
discretion to disconnect water supplies to a citizen at will without recourse
to the courts of law. The by-law provides as follows:
“8.
The council
may, by giving 24 hours' notice, in writing without paying compensation
and without prejudicing its rights to obtain payment for water supply to the
consumer, discontinue supplies to the consumer:
(a) If he shall have failed to pay any
sum which in the opinion of the Council is due under the conditions or
the water by-law.
(b) …”
The Applicant has countered that the by-law relied upon by
the Respondent is ultra vires section 198 as read with s 69 (2) (e) of
the third schedule to the parent Act and s 77 of the Constitution.
Section 198 (3) of the Urban Councils Act provides as
follows:
“198
(3) Subject to this Act Council shall
have power to do any act or thing
which, in
the opinion of the Council is necessary for
administering
or giving effect to any by- laws of the Council”
Section198 is however subject to s 69 (2) (e) of the third
Schedule to the Act that specifically provides for the disconnection of water
supplies to a consumer. That section deliberately omits the words 'in
the opinion of'. It reads:
“(2)
Without derogation to the generality of subparagraph (1), by-laws relating to
matters referred to in that subparagraph may contain provision for all or any
of the following-
(e) Cutting off the supply of water
after not less than twenty-four hours' notice on account of failure to pay any
charges which are due.
It is abundantly clear that s 69 (2) (e) of the third
Schedule to the Act which takes precedence over s198 (3) deliberately omits the
words “in the opinion of”. The effect of that omission is to divest the
Respondent of the unfettered discretion upon which it seeks to rely on in
justifying its unlawful conduct. Thus the respondent retained the words 'in
the opinion of' in its by-law in order to unlawfully confer on itself a
discretion not granted to it by the enabling parent Act.
In other words, when it comes to disconnection of water on
account of failure to pay, the City Council's opinion does not matter it can
only disconnect water supplies on no less than 24 hours' notice upon proof that
the consumer has failed to pay any charges which are due.
What this means is that the Respondent cannot lawfully
disconnect water from a consumer unless it has established that the amount
claimed is actually due. That then brings us to the question as to who is to
determine whether or not the amount claimed is actually due.
The Respondent has sought to arrogate to itself the right
to determine when the amount claimed is due by simply laying claim to payment
without proof by due process or recourse to the courts of law. What it seeks to
do is to oust the jurisdiction of the courts so that it can operate as a loose
cannon and a law unto itself. It seeks to extort money from the Applicant
without the bother of establishing its claim through recognised judicial
process. The disconnection of water supplies without recourse to the courts of
law is meant to arm twist and beat the Applicant into submission without the
bother of proving its claim in a court of law.
The right to water is a fundamental right enshrined in s 77
of the constitution of Zimbabwe which provides as follows:
”77. Right to food and
water
Every person has the right to-
(a) Safe clean
and portable water; and
(b) Sufficient
food;
And the State must take reasonable legislative and other
measures within the limits of the resources available to it, to have a
progressive realisation of this right”
Section 44 of the Constitution imposes a duty on the State
and all its institutions and agencies to respect fundamental human rights and
freedoms. It reads:-
“The State and every person, including juristic persons and
every institution and agency of the government at every level must respect,
protect and fulfil the rights and freedoms set out in this chapter.”
The Respondent being a public body and institution of local
government, it follows that it cannot deny a citizen water without just cause.
It is trite that it is the function of the judiciary to interpret and enforce
the law when a citizen complains that his human rights have been violated.
Section 162 of the Constitution clothes this Court with judicial authority and
s 165 (1) (c) provides that,
“The role of the courts is paramount in safeguarding human
rights and freedoms and the rule of law.”
In the words of Francis Bennion in his book Statutory Interpretation 1984,
the courts are best suited to interpret and give effect to the law when he says
at page 50:
“A Court is an agency charged with the function of
exercising the judicial power of the State. Only a court as thus defined has
the power authoritatively to determine what the law is, and therefore what is
the legal meaning of a relevant enactment.”
Those sentiments accord with s 171 of the Constitution.
In terms of s 171 of the Constitution this Court as the
High Court of Zimbabwe has full original jurisdiction over all civil and
criminal matters throughout the country. It has unlimited jurisdiction save
where its power has expressly been curtailed by Parliament for instance in
labour matters see Tuso vCity of Harare 2004 (1) ZLR 1 (H)
This court having been conferred with the necessary
jurisdiction to hear and determine this matter by the supreme law of the land
it cannot abdicate its function on account of an illegal municipal by-law
crafted by municipal authorities contrary to the constitution and the enabling
statute.
Above all, it is the function of the court to do justice
according to law so that justice may be seen to be done and that the question
of the law in dispute may be known.
Section 8 of by-law 164 of 1913 contradicts both the
Constitution and the enabling statute in more respects than one. Firstly, it
authorises the Respondent to arbitrarily deprive citizens of their fundamental
right to water without compensation contrary to s 85 of the Constitution which
entitles an aggrieved person to appropriate compensation whenever his
fundamental human rights have been violated.
Secondly, in the event of a disputed bill it unlawfully
confers the respondent with the sole jurisdiction to arbitrarily determine the
dispute without recourse to the courts of law contrary to the provisions of s
69 of the third schedule to the Act as read with s 165 (1) (c) of the
Constitution. By so doing the by-law allows the Respondent to be the sole
arbiter in its own case contrary to the well-established common law maxim that
no one should be a judge in his own case.
It is a basic principle of our legal policy that law should
serve the public interest. As we have already seen, every person has a
fundamental right to water. It is therefore, clearly not in the public interest
that a city council can deny its citizens water at will without recourse to the
law and the courts.
While the City Council has a right to collect its debts it
cannot do so by resorting to unlawful means for every person including the City
Council is subject to the law.
I take comfort in that the Supreme Court of South Africa in
a related case of City of Cape Town vStrumpher (104/11)
(2012) ZASCA 54 came to the same conclusion on facts that are on all
fours with this case.
The respondent's conduct in terminating water supply in the
face of a binding court order was contemptuous of the Court and unbecoming of
the Respondent and its officials. The court expresses its displeasure by
awarding costs at the punitive scale.
I must however comment counsel for the Respondent Mr.
Kwaramba, for taking prompt and appropriate action to avert a nasty
standoff between the Respondent and the Court in which someone was likely to
emerge badly bruised as the courts derive their authority from the people of
Zimbabwe in terms of s 162 of the Constitution and to that extent court orders
must be honoured and respected. They can only be defied at one's peril because
they have the full support of the State's entre enforcement machinery.
Those in the corridors of power must not abuse their
authority by usurping the functions of the courts to the detriment of innocent
members of society as happened in this case.
In the final analysis the application can only succeed. It
is accordingly ordered that a provisional order be and is hereby granted in the
following terms:
TERMS OF THE FINAL ORDER SOUGHT
That you show cause to this Honourable Court why a final
order should not be made in the following terms:–
1. That the termination by
the Respondent of the Applicant's water supplies on the basis of a disputed
water bill and in the absence of any order of Court is unlawful self-help.
2. That respondent and all
its employees be and are hereby interdicted from interfering whatsoever with,
disrupting or terminating Applicant's water supply without the authority of a
Court Order.
3. That the Respondent shall
pay costs of suit on the higher scale of legal practitioner and client only if
it opposes this Application.
INTERIM RELIEF GRANTED
Pending determination of this matter, the Applicant is
granted the following relief –
1. That Respondent be and is
hereby ordered to immediately restore water supply to the Applicant's rented
premises being 12 Northcliff Flats, Harare.
2. That pending finalisation
of this matter, Respondent and its employees and assigns be and are hereby
interdicted from interfering with applicant's possession of the premises by
interfering with or terminating water supply.
3. That the Respondent shall
pay costs of suit on a legal practitioner client scale.
Nyamayaro Makanza & Bakasa,
applicant's legal practitioners.
Mbidzo
Muchadehama & Makoni, respondents' legal practitioners.
