MAKONESE J:
On the 2nd of March 2012 the plaintiff issued summons
against the defendant claiming the following relief:
(a)
payment of US$10000 being general damages for pain and suffering
(b)
payment of US$120 being special damages for medical expenses
(c)
payment of interest and costs of suit.
The defendant having been served with summons, failed to enter appearance to
defend within the dies induciae and was duly barred. The
plaintiff brought the matter on the unopposed roll and I directed that detailed
Heads of Argument be filed to justify the claim for damages as set out in the
summons and declaration.
This claim arises out of an assault inflicted upon the plaintiff by the
defendant on the 2nd of September 2011. The plaintiff and
defendant were both teachers at Inyathi High School at the relevant time.
The plaintiff is a female adult and the defendant is a male adult person.
A dispute arose between the parties over the occupation and use of a certain
cottage at the aforesaid school. This resulted in the defendant
assaulting the plaintiff all over the body with clenched fists. The
defendant suffered a swollen face and bruises on the left shoulder. A
medical report prepared by a Doctor revealed that the injuries were serious and
the degree of force used in the assault was moderate. There was no
possibility of permanent injury. The plaintiff alleges in her Heads of
Argument that as a result of the assault she sought medical attention and was
forced to purchase and wear spectacles because her vision was damaged
permanently as direct consequences of the assault. The plaintiff further
complained that she now has permanent and recurrent migraine headaches which
require her to constantly take medication in order to control them.
The defendant has not apologised for his conduct.
The defendant paid an admission of guilt in the sum of US$10 for contravening
section 41(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]
for conduct likely to provoke the breach of the peace. It is not clear
why the defendant was not charged with the more serious offence of assault but
that aspect is not relevant to the issues before the court.
There are only two issues for determination in this matter, viz,
(a)
the quantum of general damages for pain and suffering
(b)
the quantum for special damages
SPECIAL DAMAGES
I propose to first deal with the issue of special damages because the issue is
relatively straightforward. Special damages are those damages that have
occurred and can be calculated with precision. The plaintiff
contends that she spent money in order to attend to her eye sight problem which
was caused directly by the assault. She claims that she should be
compensated for those expenses. The plaintiff claims the sum of US$120
being the cost of purchase of spectacles. In support of her claim she
furnished a quotation from Premier Optometry Services dated 25th
November 2011, which reflects the cost of the frames and lenses as
US$120-00. I must remark, however, that no direct medical evidence has
been placed before me to establish that the purchase of spectacles is directly
related to the assault. There is also no supporting evidence from the
eye-specialist as to the cause of the eye-sight problem complained of by the
plaintiff. Where no viva voce evident is not led in court the
assessment of damages can only be assessed on the basis of documentary evidence
placed before the court. In the absence of a defence in rebuttal however,
and where the amount being claimed appears reasonable, the court should in my
view exercise its discretion. In case of Mayisva v Commerical Union
Fire and General Insurance Co. Ltd and another 1984(2) ZLR 181, SAMATTA J,
stated at page 191 as follows:
“It is an
elementary proposition of law that a claim for special damages must not only be
specially alleged and claimed, but also be strictly proved.”
In this matter I take the view that the amount being claimed for special
damages is not unreasonable and conclude that plaintiff is entitled to the of
US$120 being the cost of the lenses and frames.
GENERAL DAMAGES FOR PAIN AND
SUFFERING
From the brief facts of this matter there can be no doubt that the plaintiff
was subjected to pain and suffering and a measure of discomfort as a result of
the assault by the defendant. The well established principle is that
general damages are those that naturally flow from the wrong and are of a
non-pecuniary nature such as pain and suffering, duration and intensity of pain
caused by the intentional infliction of harm. The degree of force used in
the assault, the nature and extent of injuries suffered by the plaintiff are
all taken into consideration in the broadest of the general principle.
It is clear that the nature of the injuries suffered by the plaintiff are not
very serious. A more detailed medical report by the examining Doctor
would have assisted to properly describe the injuries and therefore the court
is limited to those injuries reflected in the “Medical Affidavit” and “Clinical
Notes.” The plaintiff essentially suffered a swollen face and shoulder.
She was given some pain killers according to the “Clinical Notes.” The
injuries suffered are consistent with an attack perpetrated by use of
fists. Apart from the physical attack, the court is also entitled to have
regard to the embarrassing nature of such an assault.
General damages for
personal injuries are not meant to penalise the defendant but to achieve some
form of compensation for the plaintiff. The court must ensure therefore
that the damages awarded are reasonable fair and just. It is relevant to
refer to the observations made by WATERMEYER JA in Sandler vs Wholesale
Coal Suppliers Ltd 1941 Ad 194 at p 199:
“--- it
must be recognised that though the law attempts to repair the wrong done to a
sufferer who has received personal injuries in an accident by compensating him
in money, yet there are no scales by which pain and suffering can be measured,
and there is no relationship between pain and money which makes it possible to
express the one in terms of the other with any approach to certainty. The
amount to be awarded as compensation can only be determined by the broadest
general considerations and the figure arrived at must certainly be uncertain,
depending upon the judge's view of what is fair in all the circumstances of the
case.”
The plaintiff has claimed general damages for pain and suffering in the sum of
US$10 000. I have no hesitation to find that the claim is excessive
regard being had to the nature of injuries suffered by the plaintiff. The
injuries do not in my view warrant a high award of damages. Whilst there
are no scales with which the pain endured by the plaintiff can be ascertained,
the damages I must award in this case ought to be commensurate with the nature
of injuries suffered, which to my mind are not by any degree so serious as to
justify the amount being claimed by the plaintiff.
I note that the plaintiff alleges that as a result of the assault she now
suffers from permanent and recurrent migraine headaches. No evidence has
been placed before the court to support these claims. The plaintiff also
failed to indicate what medication, if any she is taking. It is not
sufficient in such cases to allege matters involving medical conditions without
adding any proof thereto. It should not have been difficult for the
plaintiff to obtain such evidence in support of her claim for damages.
In all the circumstances of the case, I consider an award of US$1500 as being
reasonable compensation in respect of general damages for pain and suffering.
In the result, I make the following order:-
(a)
Defendant is ordered to pay the sum of US$120 as special damages.
(b)
Defendant is ordered to pay the sum of US$1500 as general damages for pain and
suffering.
(c)
Defendant is ordered to pay interest thereon at the prescribed rate from date
of summons to date of final payment.
(d)
Costs of suit.
Messrs
Cheda and partners, plaintiff's legal
practitioners
