CHIGUMBA J. This is an application
for absolution from the instance, or discharge at the close of the Plaintiff's
case.
Plaintiffs issued summons against
the Defendants, on 18 July 2011, claiming:
(a)
Payment of the sum of US$138 648.38 (one hundred and thirty eight thousand, six
hundred and forty eight dollars, and thirty eight cents), being sums of money
owed by the Defendants to the Plaintiffs, jointly and severally the one paying
the others to be absolved, being the balance of money in respect of fuel
delivered to the Defendants by the Plaintiffs.
(b)
Interest at the agreed rate of 2% per month on the capital sum, calculated from
26th February 2010 to the date of full and final payment.
(c)
Costs of suit.
In the declaration to the summons,
Plaintiffs averred that first Defendant, Wedzera Petroleum, is a duly
registered company, a licenced fuel importer and retailer, and that second,
third and fourth Defendant are its officers. First and second Plaintiffs
averred that they entered into an agreement with the Defendants in terms of
which Plaintiffs would source on demand; both petrol and diesel for the
Defendants and Defendants would then pay the Plaintiffs for the fuel they
received, at the agreed price per liter, within seven days of the delivery of
the fuel. Plaintiffs averred further, that, between 24 - 29 January 2010, they
sold to the Defendants 298 554 liters of petrol, at US$0.705 per liter, valued
at US$210 480, 57. In addition, Plaintiffs sold to the Defendants 138 649
liters of diesel, valued at US$ 95 667, 81. On 19 February 2010, Plaintiffs
sold 210 000 liters to the Defendants, at an agreed price of US$0.650 per
liter, valued at US$136 500, 00. It was averred that the total amount due and
owing for fuel supplied was US$442 648-38. Plaintiffs acknowledged that
Defendants made a total payment of US$304 000-00, and averred that a balance of
US$138 648-38 is outstanding. Defendants have failed, refused or neglected to
pay this balance, together with interest thereon at the agreed rate.
In their plea, filed of record on 13
October 2011, Defendants raised a plea in bar against the second Plaintiff,
that it was not a locally registered company, it was a peregrine and
needed to found jurisdiction in Zimbabwe by providing security for costs. In
regards to the merits, the second to fourth Defendants took issue with their
joinder to the proceedings, and denied ever having contracted with either of
the Plaintiffs in their personal capacities. First defendant denied liability
in the amount claimed, and averred that it had settled its indebtedness to the
Plaintiffs, in full.
At the pre-trial conference, held on
20 September 2012, the matter was referred to trial on the following issues:
- Whether or not second Plaintiff
is a locally registered company.
- Whether second, third and
fourth Defendants should be made party to the proceedings.
- Whether or not Defendants owe
the sum of US$793 000-00 to the Plaintiffs, as amended in Plaintiffs'
claim. (1st Defendant's admission to owing Plaintiffs US$7 000-00 was
recorded at the pre-trial conference).
At the hearing of the matter, a
certificate of incorporation, number 27838/2008, tendered on behalf of the
second Plaintiff, disposed of the first issue for determination at trial.
Counsel for the Defendants, Mr. Kamdefwere, graciously agreed that the issue
had fallen away. Plaintiffs called Dumisani Pitso Murindagomo as their first
witness. He told the court that he is a director of the 1st
Plaintiff, which is an accounting firm. He has a certificate in
management and accounting, and over twenty three years of business and
accounting experience. He testified that:
“Second Plaintiff engaged first
Plaintiff to represent it as its agent in the fuel trade, and to market its
products. First Plaintiff in turn, engaged first Defendant, which needed fuel
on a credit basis. He dealt with second-fourth defendants in entering into the
agreement to supply fuel on invoice which had to be settled in five days from
the date of delivery of the fuel, which would come from the second
Plaintiff.”
The witness tendered a bundle
of documents, which were accepted into evidence, which he claimed contained an
accurate record of all the financial transactions between the parties. The
witness confirmed that the total sum that has not been paid, to date, is US$135
000-00, plus interest thereon. Under cross examination, the witness admitted
that first Defendant made its payments to the second Plaintiff, through the
first Plaintiff. He insisted that second to fourth Defendants were liable to
the Plaintiffs because he dealt with them directly, and they always gave
assurances that the money would be paid. He told the court that second
Defendant gave personal assurances that the money would be paid, via electronic
mail. Unfortunately the e-mails were not produced as evidence. The witness
admitted that there was no application for piercing the corporate veil before
the court.
Webster Musayemura testified on
behalf of the 2nd Plaintiff, in his capacity as a director. He told
the court that:
“Second Plaintiff has business
interests in Zimbabwe, South Africa Botswana, and in the United States of
America. Second Plaintiff contracted first Plaintiff to be its agent and enter
into a deal for distribution of fuel with first defendant, between 2008 - 2010.
The fuel would be supplied by the second Plaintiff off Beira in Mozambique.
First Defendant was required to transport the fuel from Beira to Harare. Second
Plaintiff used its assets in Botswana to finance its business and raised a loan
with Kingdom Bank Africa, in Botswana. Zimbabwe's economy was volatile and the
credit facility was obtained on strict compliance terms. The Defendants owed
the Plaintiffs US$138 648, 38 for invoice 2011103 issued on 9 February 2010,
210 liters of diesel valued at US$136 500, 00 which was never paid. The invoice
was admitted into evidence. First defendant could not access the fuel at Beira
unless second Plaintiff authorized access and issued loading instructions. Due
to first defendant's flat refusal to pay, the amount owed by second Plaintiff
to Kingdom Bank in Botswana has now gone up to US$800 000-00(eight hundred thousand
dollars). First Defendants has admitted to owing Plaintiffs US$7 000-00,
subtract that from US800 000-00, and Plaintiffs' claim is for payment of US$793
000-00.”
Under cross examination, the witness
told the court that some payments were made directly to it by first Defendant,
and some were made to first Plaintiff. The witness was cross examined
vigorously on the authenticity of the credit facility document which he
tendered into evidence as proof that second Plaintiff now owes Kingdom Bank in Botswana
US$800 000-00. He maintained that the credit facility was for US$500 000-00 and
that due to interest and penalty charges, that sum has galloped to US$800
000-00.
The Plaintiff closed its case, and
Defendants applied for absolution from the instance. This is the matter under
consideration by the court. The basis of the Defendants' application for
dismissal of the Plaintiffs' case is that the Plaintiffs placed insufficient
evidence before the court, to sustain their claim. Counsel for the Defendant
made much of the apparent discrepancy in the amount claimed by the Plaintiffs,
whether it was US$800 000-00 or US$793 000-00, or US138 648-38, or US$135
00-00. It was submitted on behalf of the Defendants that, the document relied
on by second Plaintiff, the credit facility agreement between second Plaintiff
and Kingdom bank in Botswana, was unsigned and therefore of no probative value.
The basis for dismissal it was submitted was the common law provision of
absolution from the instance where the court, is imbued with discretion, at the
close of a Plaintiff's case, to evaluate the evidence and to discharge the
Plaintiff's case if the evidence is insufficient to sustain the Plaintiff's
claim. Lastly, it was submitted that the summons and declaration failed to
disclose a cause of action against the second, third, and fourth Defendants,
contrary to the provisions of Order 3 r 11 (c )
Defendants submitted that the
plaintiffs had failed to adduce sufficient evidence that:
(a)
Defendants had defaulted in paying for any of the fuel that was delivered.
(b)
Defendants' default of payment had caused second Plaintiff to incur costs and
charges on its credit facility.
(c)
The entire credit facility had been utilized to supply fuel to the Defendants
(d)
The dates on which second Plaintiff defaulted on the credit facility.
(e)
The exact amount due and owing, whether it was US$793 000-00 or US$138 648-38,
or US$135 000.00
The Law
The court is grateful to counsel,
for drawing its attention to the following cases:
Standard Chartered Finance
Zimbabwe vGeorgias & Anor 1998 (2) ZLR 547 @ 552, where it was
held that:
“In considering an application for
absolution from the instance, a judicial officer should always lean in favor of
the case continuing. If there is reasonable evidence on which the court might
find for the plaintiff, the case should continue”.
See Supreme Service Station
(1969) (Pvt) Ltd v Fox & Goodridge (Pvt) Ltd 1971 (1) ZLR 1 at 5D where
BEADLE CJ said:
“`The test, therefore, boils down to
this: Is there sufficient evidence on which a court might make a reasonable
mistake and give judgment for the plaintiff? What is a reasonable mistake in
any case must always be a question of fact, and cannot be defined with any
greater exactitude than by saying that it is the sort of mistake a reasonable
court might make - a definition which helps not at all''.
Further on, at 5-6, the
learned CHIEF JUSTICE went on to say:
“`Before concluding my remarks of
the law on this subject, I must stress that rules of procedure are made to
ensure that justice is done between the parties, and, so far as is possible,
courts should not allow rules of procedure to be used to cause an injustice. If
the defence is something peculiarly within the knowledge of a defendant, and
the plaintiff has made out some case to answer, the plaintiff should not
lightly be deprived of his remedy without first hearing what the defendant has
to say. A defendant who might be afraid to go into the box should not be
permitted to shelter behind the procedure of absolution from the
instance”.
In United Air Charters (Pvt) Ltd v
Jarman 1994 (2) ZLR 341 (SC), the court stated that:
“The test in deciding an application
for absolution from the instance is well settled in this jurisdiction. A plaintiff
will successfully withstand such an application if, at the close of his case,
there is evidence upon which a court, directing its mind reasonably to such
evidence, could or might (not should or ought find for him. See Supreme Svc
Station (1969) (Pvt) Ltd v Fox & Goodridge (Pvt) Ltd 1971 (1) RLR 1
(A) at 5D-E; Lourenco v Raja Dry Cleaners & Steam Laundry (Pvt) Ltd
1984 (2) ZLR 151 (S) at 158B-E.”
Order 3 r 11 (c)
provides as follows:
“11. Contents of summons
Before issue every summons shall
contain—
(a)…
(b) …
(c) a true and concise
statement of the nature, extent and grounds of the cause of action and of the
relief or
remedies sought in the action;
(d)...
Disposition
The evidence of both witnesses was
that the transaction was entered into with 1st Defendant. There was
no evidence placed before the court, that the transactions between the parties
were entered into by the 2nd, 3rd and 4th
Defendants in their personal capacities. No evidence was placed before the
court, that 2nd to 4th Defendants bound themselves as
sureties or co-principal debtors with the 1st Defendant, or entered
into any other formalities necessary to assume joint liability with the 1st
Defendant, to the Plaintiffs. A private limited company is a juristic person, a
separate and distinct legal persona which can sue and be sued.
See s 9 Companies Act [Cap 24:03]
9 Capacity
and powers of company
A company shall have the capacity
and power of a natural person of file capacity in so far as a body corporate is
capable of exercising such power
A company's liability is limited,
and may only be extended to cover other legal persons by the use of very
distinct legal documents such as an agreement to be bound as surety or
co-principal debtor. Where directors or officers of a private limited company
are found to have conducted the business of the company fraudulently or
negligently, with deliberate intent to cause prejudice to the company's
creditors, an application can be made in terms of the Companies At, that those
directors be held personally liable for the debts of the company. No such
application has been made, so the corporate veil remains firmly in place. It is
noteworthy that, only second Defendant is a director of the first Defendant,
the rest are mere officers, employees.
Neither the summons, nor the
declaration, contained averments that showed liability to the plaintiffs, by
second, third or fourth defendants. This is contrary to the provisions of Order
3 r 11(c). There is no “true and concise statement of the nature extent and
grounds of the cause of action as against second to fourth Defendants.
Plaintiffs did not, in the evidence in chief, testify to anything that might
remotely be said to constitute admissible evidence, that second, third and
fourth Defendants are liable to them for the amount claimed, or any amount at
all. In the absence of any evidence at all, from both Plaintiffs, that the
director, and other officers of the company conducted themselves in such a
manner that personal liability for the debts of the first Defendant ought to be
imputed to them, the court finds that second, third and fourth defendants are
entitled to be discharged. Accordingly, second, third and fourth Defendants are
hereby absolved from the instance.
Plaintiffs' bundle of documents
contains invoices which were allegedly not paid by the first Defendant. A copy
of a loan facility between second Plaintiff and Kingdom Bank in Botswana was
admitted into evidence. It cannot therefore be said that there is insufficient
evidence on which a reasonable court might make a mistake and find in favor of
the Plaintiffs see Supreme Service Station v Fox supra. These
documents in my view constitute prima facie evidence that the Plaintiffs and
the first Defendant entered into an agreement for the buying and selling of
fuel. It is not in dispute that first Defendant owes Plaintiffs some money. It
is not in dispute that the invoices tendered by the Plaintiffs are genuine.
What is in dispute is the quantum of liability. Invoice 2011103 was for
$136 510.00. The evidence before the court is that. This figure
fluctuated due to the interest charges. It went down to $135 000.00 after
some payments were made, then back to $138 648.38 when interest accrued.
First Defendant itself admits to
owing Plaintiffs US$7000.00. Second Plaintiff, alleges that it is owed US$793
000.00. During cross examination, Webster Musayemura explained that first
Defendant made various payments in settlement of its liability in terms of
invoice 2011103 dated 9 February 2010. The court finds that first Defendant
ought to be put to its defence. It ought to explain the basis on which it
claims that it owes Plaintiffs a balance of US$7000-00. That defence is
peculiarly within the knowledge of the first Defendant seeSupreme Service
Station v Fox supra. Plaintiffs have tendered invoices and a
credit agreement as the basis for their claim.
In my view, the Plaintiffs' case is
not baseless or entirely without foundation. The court finds that Plaintiffs
have adduced prima facie evidence of liability against the first Defendant in
the sum of $793 000.00. Plaintiffs have made out some case to answer on a prima
facie basis, and the court will not lightly deprive Plaintiffs of their
remedy without first hearing what the first Defendant has to say. The
procedure where a party may apply for absolution from the instance was not put
in place to cause an injustice. The authenticity of invoice 2011103 was
not questioned. That is the basis of the Plaintiff's claim for US$793
000.00. In the result, the application for absolution from the instance as
against the first Defendant be and is hereby dismissed.
Jarvis
Palframan, plaintiffs' legal practitioners
Muringi Kamdefwere, defendant's legal practitioners
