CHIWESHE JP: In this action the plaintiff seeks the
eviction of the first defendant and all those claiming occupation through him
from the immovable property known as subdivision 1 of Reinfield, situate in
Makonde, Mashonaland West Province. The plaintiff also claims costs of
suit as against the first defendant only.
The plaintiff's declaration is to the following effect.
Reinfield Farm is what is commonly referred to as “gazetted” land. On 17
October 2005 the plaintiff was offered this land by the 2nd defendant.
The plaintiff accepted the offer and took occupation of the farm in November
2005. The first defendant, the former owner, however remains in illegal
occupation and use of a portion of the farm. The first defendant,
according to the plaintiff, has no lawful authority to remain in occupation of
the farm. The plaintiff states that he is recently aware of his ability
to seek the eviction of first defendant following a Supreme Court judgment to
that effect.
The first defendant entered an appearance to defend the
matter on 20 April 2011. The second defendant has not opposed this
action.
The first defendant filed a special plea in abatement on
the grounds that the plaintiff's claim has been extinguished by
prescription. The present claim, argues the first defendant, is a “debt”
as defined in s 2 of the Prescription Act. The cause of action is a right
of occupation acquired in 2005 at the time of acceptance of the offer
letter. The summons was served on the first defendant on 7 April 2011.
As more than three years have lapsed since the cause of action arose, the debt
has been extinguished by operation of law. For that reason, it is argued,
the first defendant's special plea should be allowed and the claim against him
dismissed with costs.
Section 2 of the Prescription Act [Cap 8:11]
defines the term “debt” as follows:
“debt”, without limiting the meaning of the term, includes
anything which may be sued for or claimed by reason of an obligation arising
from statute, contract, delict or otherwise.” It is agreed by the parties
that the right to sue for eviction constitutes a “debt” as defined by the Act.
Section 16 (1) of the act provides:
“Subject to subsection (2) and (3), prescription shall
commence to run as soon as a debt is due”.
It is therefore trite that prescription runs from the date that a debt becomes
due. A debt becomes due when the creditor becomes aware of the identity
of the debtor and the facts giving rise to the cause of action. The cause
of action in any action or claim is “the entire set of facts which give rise to
an enforceable claim and includes every act which is material to be proved to
entitle a plaintiff to succeed in his claim “ - see Abrahamse and Sons vs
South African Harbours 1933 CPD 626. See also Mukahlera vs
Clerk of Parliament and Ors 2005 (2) ZLR 365.
The plaintiff's defence to this exception is to the effect that before the
pronouncements of the Supreme Court in Commercial Farmers Union and Ors vs
Minister of Lands and Rural Settlement & Ors SC 31/10 handed down on
26 November 2010, the identity of the debtor was not known to him.
Although he knew the first defendant as the person who had refused to vacate a
portion of the farm offered him by the 2nd defendant, the High Court
persistently and in many cases brought before it ruled that the recipient of an
offer letter had no locus standi to sue for the eviction of the former
owner or occupier of Gazetted Land. Only the State could mount such a
suit.
The position however changed when the Supreme Court in the Commercial
Farmers Union case supra ruled to the contrary. At p 29 of
the cyclostyled judgment para 8 CHIDYAUSIKU CJ had this to say:
“(8) While s 3 (5) of the Act confers on a criminal
court the power to issue an eviction order against a convicted person, it does
not take away the Minister's right or the right of the holder of an offer
letter, permit or land settlement lease to commence eviction proceedings
against a former owner or occupier who refuses to vacate acquired land.
The holder of an offer letter, permit or land settlement lease has a clear
right, derived from an Act of Parliament, to take occupation of acquired land
allocated to him or her in terms of the offer letter, permit or land settlement
lease. No doubt the legislature conferred on the holder of an offer
letter, permit or land settlement lease, the locus standi, independent
of the Minister, to sue for the eviction of any illegal occupier of land
allocated to him or her in terms of the offer letter, permit or land settlement
lease”.
I therefore find acceptable the plaintiff's explanation that until 26 November
2010 he did not know the first defendant to be his debtor in terms of the
Prescription Act and that, if he might have known, he was dissuaded from suing
the defendant by the various judgments of this honourable court wherein it was
stated categorically that the holder of an offer letter would not have the
requisite locus standi to do so. Whilst some judges might have
held differently, the least that could be said as a result is that the position
of the holder of the offer letter was uncertain by virtue of the conflicting
judgments emanating from this court. Indeed the position has since been
clarified by the Supreme Court in the Commercial Farmers Union case supra.
In any event the plaintiff's right of use and occupation is one given by the 2nd
respondent, representing the State, the owner of the property. The 2nd
defendant has not opposed this application nor has he withdrawn the offer
letter or otherwise cancelled the plaintiff's right of occupation. It is
therefore doubtful whether the owner's right to determine who occupies its
property at any given time could be curtailed, be it indirectly, by a plea of
prescription against the authorised occupier.
For these reasons I would, as I hereby do, dismiss the exception. The
first defendant shall pay the costs.
G.N. Mlotshwa & Co, plaintiff's legal
practitioners
Kevin J. Arnott,
first defendant's legal practitioners
