Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

The State...,, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

Mollen Mafokosho's evidence was straight forward and clear....,. The witness gave her evidence well....,. She gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile....,.

Trouble Chivasa..., was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel....,.

Lucia Vhurandi...,. was viewed as a candid witness by the court....,.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well...,.

Juvenile or Child Witness, Vulnerable Witness, Victim Friendly Facilities and the Cautionary Rule

Mollen Mafokosho's evidence was straight forward and clear....,. The witness gave her evidence well....,. She gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Inadmissible Evidence re: Similar Fact Evidence and the Rule of Relevance

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage....,.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home....,.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified....,.

She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical....,

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death....,.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence and the Defence of Necessity re: Socio-Economic Hardship

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage....,.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified....,.

From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband....,. The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary....,.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death....,.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

Defence Outline, State Outline re: Approach, Testimonial Discrepancies and Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

Indictment or Charge re: Charge Sheet, Framing of Charges, Essential Elements, Causation, Intention & Competent Verdict

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Defence of Abandonment, Claim of Right, Mistake of Fact or Law and Establishment of Mens Rea or Intention

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Intoxication, Insanity and the Presumption of Sanity

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Provocation iro Approach and Self-Control

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation, Inferential Reasoning, Confessions & the Principle of Evidence Aliunde

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence, Inferences, the Cardinal Rule of Logic and Evidential Concessions

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Murder re: Murder with Actual Intent, Dolus Directus and Murder Committed in Aggravating Circumstances

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentencing re: Approach iro Approach to Sentencing, the Penalty Provision of a Statute and the Pre-Sentence Inquiry

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory circumstances submitted by counsel.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Incarceration Conditions and the Effect of Pre-trial Detention and Constitutional Rights Violations

That the accused has been in custody for a period in excess of a year is a factor which cannot escape our attention in assessing sentence. This is for the obvious reason that pre-trial incarceration is traumatic, moreso with a murder charge hovering over one's head.

Sentencing re: Murder iro Murder with Actual Intent, the Death Penalty and the Constitutional Right to Life

The accused is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory circumstances submitted by counsel.

In mitigation, we have taken note of the fact, that, the accused is a female first offender.

The accused, throughout the proceedings, exhibited remorse and genuine penitence. She regretted her violent conduct which culminated in the death of a man she loved, husband, and father of her child.

Also in mitigation is the fact that a four (4) year old child is in the cold after the death of the father and the subsequent incarceration of the mother.

That the accused has been in custody for a period in excess of a year is a factor which cannot escape our attention in assessing sentence. This is for the obvious reason that pre-trial incarceration is traumatic, moreso with a murder charge hovering over one's head.

The accused committed the offence at the age of 23. She is a youthful offender.

The immaturity could have exposed her to acting on impulse, and, being easily swayed by external factors is not far-fetched. The accused's youthfulness, coupled with her rural background, must have propagated her obsession and clinging on to the archaic notion, if I cannot have you no-one else should, at the expense of violating the accused's rights and freedom of choice and association.

Also in mitigation is the fact, that, the accused's moral blameworthiness is reduced by the fact, that, the relatives did not render the chain of support expected for a young lady facing challenges of rejection.

The trauma associated with rejection, albeit not reducing criminal liability, cannot be ignored when considering an appropriate sentence.

The accused is prepared to compensate the bereaved family for the death of her husband; that is a noble gesture, but, no amount of compensation can bring back the precious human life.

The accused stands convicted of a serious and heinous crime of murder.

The attack on the deceased, a supposed lover, was most brutal and vicious. The accused mercilessly hacked the deceased, several times, with a metal axe on the head and neck. The ghastly attack caused loss of precious human life.

In the circumstances, the deceased died for simply exercising his rights to terminate a love affair.

No one has a right to take away another's life for whatever reason. Section 48(1) of the Constitution is instructive. It says:

“Every person has a right to life.”

The right to life is a God given right which must not be taken away on whims. No amount of compensation or remorse can bring back the lost precious human life. The deceased's child has been deprived of a father and love by her mother who murdered the father in cold blood.

The murder emanated from the unaccepted social ill of domestic violence.

The home has been turned into wrestling and boxing rings, with fatal consequences, instead of being a place of safe abode and protection. Love can never be expressed by physically assaulting the spouse or other family members.

Courts ought to register displeasure and revulsion of domestic violence related murders by passing severe sentences.

The circumstances of this matter would call for the maximum penalty.

However, in due recognition of the youthfulness of the accused, and that her actions could have been perpetuated and precipitated by lack of guidance and support from the large family and society, a reasonably long prison term is considered appropriate.

In weighing mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors, and matching the offence to the offender, it is our considered view, that, the accused be sentenced as follows:

18 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Co-Accused, Gender and Age Considerations & the Principle of Equality of Treatment

The accused is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory circumstances submitted by counsel.

In mitigation, we have taken note of the fact, that, the accused is a female first offender.

The accused, throughout the proceedings, exhibited remorse and genuine penitence. She regretted her violent conduct which culminated in the death of a man she loved, husband, and father of her child.

Also in mitigation is the fact that a four (4) year old child is in the cold after the death of the father and the subsequent incarceration of the mother.

That the accused has been in custody for a period in excess of a year is a factor which cannot escape our attention in assessing sentence. This is for the obvious reason that pre-trial incarceration is traumatic, moreso with a murder charge hovering over one's head.

The accused committed the offence at the age of 23. She is a youthful offender.

The immaturity could have exposed her to acting on impulse, and, being easily swayed by external factors is not far-fetched. The accused's youthfulness, coupled with her rural background, must have propagated her obsession and clinging on to the archaic notion, if I cannot have you no-one else should, at the expense of violating the accused's rights and freedom of choice and association.

Also in mitigation is the fact, that, the accused's moral blameworthiness is reduced by the fact, that, the relatives did not render the chain of support expected for a young lady facing challenges of rejection.

The trauma associated with rejection, albeit not reducing criminal liability, cannot be ignored when considering an appropriate sentence.

The accused is prepared to compensate the bereaved family for the death of her husband; that is a noble gesture, but, no amount of compensation can bring back the precious human life.

The accused stands convicted of a serious and heinous crime of murder.

The attack on the deceased, a supposed lover, was most brutal and vicious. The accused mercilessly hacked the deceased, several times, with a metal axe on the head and neck. The ghastly attack caused loss of precious human life.

In the circumstances, the deceased died for simply exercising his rights to terminate a love affair.

No one has a right to take away another's life for whatever reason. Section 48(1) of the Constitution is instructive. It says:

“Every person has a right to life.”

The right to life is a God given right which must not be taken away on whims. No amount of compensation or remorse can bring back the lost precious human life. The deceased's child has been deprived of a father and love by her mother who murdered the father in cold blood.

The murder emanated from the unaccepted social ill of domestic violence.

The home has been turned into wrestling and boxing rings, with fatal consequences, instead of being a place of safe abode and protection. Love can never be expressed by physically assaulting the spouse or other family members.

Courts ought to register displeasure and revulsion of domestic violence related murders by passing severe sentences.

The circumstances of this matter would call for the maximum penalty.

However, in due recognition of the youthfulness of the accused, and that her actions could have been perpetuated and precipitated by lack of guidance and support from the large family and society, a reasonably long prison term is considered appropriate.

In weighing mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors, and matching the offence to the offender, it is our considered view, that, the accused be sentenced as follows:

18 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro First Offenders

The accused is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory circumstances submitted by counsel.

In mitigation, we have taken note of the fact, that, the accused is a female first offender.

The accused, throughout the proceedings, exhibited remorse and genuine penitence. She regretted her violent conduct which culminated in the death of a man she loved, husband, and father of her child.

Also in mitigation is the fact that a four (4) year old child is in the cold after the death of the father and the subsequent incarceration of the mother.

That the accused has been in custody for a period in excess of a year is a factor which cannot escape our attention in assessing sentence. This is for the obvious reason that pre-trial incarceration is traumatic, moreso with a murder charge hovering over one's head.

The accused committed the offence at the age of 23. She is a youthful offender.

The immaturity could have exposed her to acting on impulse, and, being easily swayed by external factors is not far-fetched. The accused's youthfulness, coupled with her rural background, must have propagated her obsession and clinging on to the archaic notion, if I cannot have you no-one else should, at the expense of violating the accused's rights and freedom of choice and association.

Also in mitigation is the fact, that, the accused's moral blameworthiness is reduced by the fact, that, the relatives did not render the chain of support expected for a young lady facing challenges of rejection.

The trauma associated with rejection, albeit not reducing criminal liability, cannot be ignored when considering an appropriate sentence.

The accused is prepared to compensate the bereaved family for the death of her husband; that is a noble gesture, but, no amount of compensation can bring back the precious human life.

The accused stands convicted of a serious and heinous crime of murder.

The attack on the deceased, a supposed lover, was most brutal and vicious. The accused mercilessly hacked the deceased, several times, with a metal axe on the head and neck. The ghastly attack caused loss of precious human life.

In the circumstances, the deceased died for simply exercising his rights to terminate a love affair.

No one has a right to take away another's life for whatever reason. Section 48(1) of the Constitution is instructive. It says:

“Every person has a right to life.”

The right to life is a God given right which must not be taken away on whims. No amount of compensation or remorse can bring back the lost precious human life. The deceased's child has been deprived of a father and love by her mother who murdered the father in cold blood.

The murder emanated from the unaccepted social ill of domestic violence.

The home has been turned into wrestling and boxing rings, with fatal consequences, instead of being a place of safe abode and protection. Love can never be expressed by physically assaulting the spouse or other family members.

Courts ought to register displeasure and revulsion of domestic violence related murders by passing severe sentences.

The circumstances of this matter would call for the maximum penalty.

However, in due recognition of the youthfulness of the accused, and that her actions could have been perpetuated and precipitated by lack of guidance and support from the large family and society, a reasonably long prison term is considered appropriate.

In weighing mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors, and matching the offence to the offender, it is our considered view, that, the accused be sentenced as follows:

18 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Contritional Compensation & Conduct of Accused Ex Post Facto Commission of the Offence

The accused is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory circumstances submitted by counsel.

In mitigation, we have taken note of the fact, that, the accused is a female first offender.

The accused, throughout the proceedings, exhibited remorse and genuine penitence. She regretted her violent conduct which culminated in the death of a man she loved, husband, and father of her child.

Also in mitigation is the fact that a four (4) year old child is in the cold after the death of the father and the subsequent incarceration of the mother.

That the accused has been in custody for a period in excess of a year is a factor which cannot escape our attention in assessing sentence. This is for the obvious reason that pre-trial incarceration is traumatic, moreso with a murder charge hovering over one's head.

The accused committed the offence at the age of 23. She is a youthful offender.

The immaturity could have exposed her to acting on impulse, and, being easily swayed by external factors is not far-fetched. The accused's youthfulness, coupled with her rural background, must have propagated her obsession and clinging on to the archaic notion, if I cannot have you no-one else should, at the expense of violating the accused's rights and freedom of choice and association.

Also in mitigation is the fact, that, the accused's moral blameworthiness is reduced by the fact, that, the relatives did not render the chain of support expected for a young lady facing challenges of rejection.

The trauma associated with rejection, albeit not reducing criminal liability, cannot be ignored when considering an appropriate sentence.

The accused is prepared to compensate the bereaved family for the death of her husband; that is a noble gesture, but, no amount of compensation can bring back the precious human life.

The accused stands convicted of a serious and heinous crime of murder.

The attack on the deceased, a supposed lover, was most brutal and vicious. The accused mercilessly hacked the deceased, several times, with a metal axe on the head and neck. The ghastly attack caused loss of precious human life.

In the circumstances, the deceased died for simply exercising his rights to terminate a love affair.

No one has a right to take away another's life for whatever reason. Section 48(1) of the Constitution is instructive. It says:

“Every person has a right to life.”

The right to life is a God given right which must not be taken away on whims. No amount of compensation or remorse can bring back the lost precious human life. The deceased's child has been deprived of a father and love by her mother who murdered the father in cold blood.

The murder emanated from the unaccepted social ill of domestic violence.

The home has been turned into wrestling and boxing rings, with fatal consequences, instead of being a place of safe abode and protection. Love can never be expressed by physically assaulting the spouse or other family members.

Courts ought to register displeasure and revulsion of domestic violence related murders by passing severe sentences.

The circumstances of this matter would call for the maximum penalty.

However, in due recognition of the youthfulness of the accused, and that her actions could have been perpetuated and precipitated by lack of guidance and support from the large family and society, a reasonably long prison term is considered appropriate.

In weighing mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors, and matching the offence to the offender, it is our considered view, that, the accused be sentenced as follows:

18 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Juvenile and Youthful Offenders, Juvenile Justice & Administration of Corporal Punishment

The accused is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory circumstances submitted by counsel.

In mitigation, we have taken note of the fact, that, the accused is a female first offender.

The accused, throughout the proceedings, exhibited remorse and genuine penitence. She regretted her violent conduct which culminated in the death of a man she loved, husband, and father of her child.

Also in mitigation is the fact that a four (4) year old child is in the cold after the death of the father and the subsequent incarceration of the mother.

That the accused has been in custody for a period in excess of a year is a factor which cannot escape our attention in assessing sentence. This is for the obvious reason that pre-trial incarceration is traumatic, moreso with a murder charge hovering over one's head.

The accused committed the offence at the age of 23. She is a youthful offender.

The immaturity could have exposed her to acting on impulse, and, being easily swayed by external factors is not far-fetched. The accused's youthfulness, coupled with her rural background, must have propagated her obsession and clinging on to the archaic notion, if I cannot have you no-one else should, at the expense of violating the accused's rights and freedom of choice and association.

Also in mitigation is the fact, that, the accused's moral blameworthiness is reduced by the fact, that, the relatives did not render the chain of support expected for a young lady facing challenges of rejection.

The trauma associated with rejection, albeit not reducing criminal liability, cannot be ignored when considering an appropriate sentence.

The accused is prepared to compensate the bereaved family for the death of her husband; that is a noble gesture, but, no amount of compensation can bring back the precious human life.

The accused stands convicted of a serious and heinous crime of murder.

The attack on the deceased, a supposed lover, was most brutal and vicious. The accused mercilessly hacked the deceased, several times, with a metal axe on the head and neck. The ghastly attack caused loss of precious human life.

In the circumstances, the deceased died for simply exercising his rights to terminate a love affair.

No one has a right to take away another's life for whatever reason. Section 48(1) of the Constitution is instructive. It says:

“Every person has a right to life.”

The right to life is a God given right which must not be taken away on whims. No amount of compensation or remorse can bring back the lost precious human life. The deceased's child has been deprived of a father and love by her mother who murdered the father in cold blood.

The murder emanated from the unaccepted social ill of domestic violence.

The home has been turned into wrestling and boxing rings, with fatal consequences, instead of being a place of safe abode and protection. Love can never be expressed by physically assaulting the spouse or other family members.

Courts ought to register displeasure and revulsion of domestic violence related murders by passing severe sentences.

The circumstances of this matter would call for the maximum penalty.

However, in due recognition of the youthfulness of the accused, and that her actions could have been perpetuated and precipitated by lack of guidance and support from the large family and society, a reasonably long prison term is considered appropriate.

In weighing mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors, and matching the offence to the offender, it is our considered view, that, the accused be sentenced as follows:

18 years imprisonment.

Domestic Violence and Gender Based Violence

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Criminal Law Code); in which it is alleged, that, on 24 December 2018, at House Number 1892, Chikanga 2, Mutare, the accused unlawfully caused the death of Vitalis Mudhumo by striking him with an axe on the neck, several times, intending to kill the said Vitalis Mudhumo or realising that there was a real risk or possibility that her conduct might cause death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the realization.

The brief allegations forming the basis of the charge are as follows:

The deceased and the accused were husband and wife respectively. They were on separation, and had one minor child.

On the fateful day, the enstranged couple took their daughter for shopping in town. Upon their return, when the couple entered their bedroom, an argument ensued, culminating in the accused hacking the deceased several times with an axe at the back of the neck thereby killing him instantly.

The deceased died as a result of excessive external haemorrhage.

The accused, in her Defence Outline, did not dispute the factual allegations leading to the striking of the deceased on the neck with an axe. She however contended, that, she had no intention, actual or legal to kill the deceased.

The accused's defence was that she, without giving thought, struck the deceased, whose utterances, inclusive of announcement that the marriage was over, pierced her heart and shattered her dreams.

The accused's defence was that she looked up to the deceased, her husband, as her life support, and pinned all hopes on him given her poor background.

The deceased, instead, after marrying her, started dating other women, and, on the fateful day, among other insults, he announced, that, the other city woman he was dating was better than her in all exploits. The insults, and thought of losing her marriage, enraged her extensively and she was gripped with the irresistible impulse to hurt the deceased whom she then struck with an axe and he died.

The accused, in summary, attributed the commission of the offence to the effects of the poor childhood background and the traumatic, and abusive marriage.

She insisted she had no intention, actual or legal, to murder the deceased.

In closing submissions, the defence sought to rely much on the defence of extreme provocation sufficient to reduce the specific intent crime of murder to a non-specific intent crime of culpable homicide.

The accused was the only witness who testified in the defence case.

The State, on the other hand, adduced evidence from 10 witnesses, of which five (5) gave oral evidence while the other five's evidence, which was on common cause aspects, was admitted formerly in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

George Sithole, a member of the Zimbabwe CID Scenes of Crime Department's evidence was basically, that, he attended the scene and observed the deceased body in a pool of blood. He observed five (5) deep cuts on the back of the deceased's head. He recovered the murder weapon, a metal axe tendered as exhibit 2.

The witness was also involved in taking photographs at the scene on the fateful day, and, later, when the accused made indications. Photographs marked as exhibit 4A1–A5 by consent.

The witnesses evidence on his observation of the lifeless body of the deceased on the bed was confirmed by Ivy Mutsago, another police detail who also attended the scene.

The evidence of the details was similar to that of Joel Rukara, a police detail who also attended the scene.

The investigating officer, Loyce Chokani's evidence detailed how she investigated the matter, made follow ups, and arrested the accused, who was, by then, at her rural homestead in Chigodora.

The witness recorded a warned and cautioned statement from the accused. She also drew a sketch plan, exhibit 2, as per indications from the accused and witnesses.

The witness also caused the metal axe, the murder weapon, to be weighed by the Post Office officials.

The investigating officer's evidence was not contentious, and it was formerly admitted.

Also formerly admitted was evidence of Kiven Matengera, who weighed the axe and compiled a certificate of weight recorded as exhibit 3 by consent. The metal axe weighed 4.030kg.

Mollen Mafokosho, a sister to the accused, gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was straight forward and clear.

She could hear that the accused and the deceased, who were in the confines of their bedroom, were arguing but could not discern the nature of the argument. She took the couple's child outside. Whilst outside, she overhead the deceased call his nephew, Trouble Chivasa, to come to his assistance since the accused had locked him in. According to the witness, the accused later came out holding a container of water and went out of the campus leaving instruction that the witness should take care of the child as the accused was visiting a friend.

After about 10 minutes after leaving the house, the accused called on the mobile phone and instructed the witness to get inside her bedroom and see what the accused had done.

Upon entry, the witness, just like the attending police details, observed blood on the floor, bed, and wall while the deceased's lifeless body was on the bed.

She then alerted the landlady and Trouble Chivasa of her observations.

The witness gave her evidence well. Although she was shocked by the horrendous attack, she gave evidence with clarity considering she was a juvenile.

Trouble Chivasa is an uncle to the deceased by virtue of marriage to the deceased's aunt, Mavis Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

He confirmed receiving a call from the deceased on the fateful day and further being alerted, by Mollen Mafokosho, of what had happened. The accused also phoned the witness disclosing that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the accused and deceased relationship was no longer cordial as the accused tended to be of violent disposition, and that, on occasions, the relatives had stepped in to assist but the relationship appeared to be on a sliding slope, culminating in the deceased moving out of the rented matrimonial home.

The witness did not witness the actual killing of the deceased.

His evidence was clear, that, the couple's relationship was no longer good hence the separation.

The witness was sincere with the court in the manner he testified, even under cross-examination by the defence counsel.

Lucia Vhurandi, the landlady, also testified.

She knew both the accused and the deceased. She was alerted of the fatal attack of the deceased by Mollen Mafokosho, whereupon, she proceeded to the bedroom and observed the deceased's body. The witness told the court that the deceased was generally quiet and she could only see him on rare occasions. From her observation, going by the mode of dressing and lifestyle, the accused was well catered for by her husband. She had never, in the past, witnessed the couple engage in volatile exchanges, verbal or physical.

The accused had also never shared with her that she was tormented physically, emotionally, and financially. All appeared well.

She denied having witnessed the accused engage in firewood selling business when it was suggested by defence counsel. She actually stressed, that, at the relevant period, there was no power outage such that firewood was not necessary.

The witness was viewed as a candid witness by the court.

She was shocked by the gruesome attack, as evidenced by her narration of observations of the cuts on the head, but, clearly, had no motive to mislead the court. We accepted her evidence wholesome.

Mavis Chivasa, an aunt to the accused and wife to the second State witness, Trouble Chivasa, also gave oral evidence.

Her evidence was basically, that, she received a call from the deceased alerting her that he had been locked indoors by the accused. She advised the deceased to contact Trouble Chivasa. She later got a call from the accused informing her that she had killed the deceased.

The witness confirmed, that, the couple's relationship was acrimonious and that the relatives had intervened to restore normalcy but to no avail. The couple was, at the relevant time, on separation.

The witness was visibly angry and emotional about the death of the deceased to the extent of, at times, failing to answer questions and insisting on getting an explanation why the accused killed the deceased.

This emotional stance, however, did not cloud the common cause factual aspects, that, the accused and the deceased were no longer enjoying good relations as husband and wife and thus were on separation.

The accused person, as a witness, did not deny striking the deceased severally and severely in the head, as observed by all witnesses, inclusive of the Doctor, Stephen Murahwa, who also compiled the post mortem report, exhibit 1.

She however sought to portray that she was tormented and physically, emotionally, and economically abused over a stretched period with the result of losing it and striking the deceased with an axe, culminating in his death.

The accused, as a witness, did not fare well as she came up with diverse explanations of possible pressure mounting on her leading to psychological breakdown.

She painted a picture that she was raised from a very poor background and that the poverty had a bearing on her such that when she found the deceased, who had a good and stable income, she believed salvation had come.

Contrary to her assertion that she was from a very poor background is the obvious evidence, from her, that, her father was employed and in town while the mother and children where in the communal area working in the fields.

The evidence of the sister, Mollen Mafokosho, is clear on the social standing of the family.

In fact, even the accused did not believe in her suggestion of the poverty, as she dreaded and was very apologetic to appear like insulting the father for alleged poverty.

In short, we observed that the accused was exaggerating the poor background, which, when all evidence is considered, was fictitious.

She grew up in an average rural family like most citizens in the communal area. There is nothing weird about doing piece work and working in the fields.

She further suggested trauma because of earlier breakups.

Having had affairs in the past and termination thereof, again, is a normal phenomenon of growing up into manhood or womanhood.

These exaggerations, of adverse childhood experiences and imagined poverty were not taken as having caused the accused to hack the deceased.

To that extent, we viewed the accused's explanations as not only being false but as lacking sincerity.

The building up of psychological trauma, having triggered the commission of the offense, again faces a challenge when one considers events immediately before the hacking.

The deceased went for Christmas shopping for the couple's child. It is common cause the accused, her sister, the child, and the deceased went together. The accused was not ready to accept anything for herself and offered that her sister gets items bought instead.

The couple was not on talking terms, as the accused was not willing to accept gifts.

When they got back home and the accused invited the deceased indoors: whilst inside, the accused locked the bedroom door. The axe was pulled from under the bed by the accused, and the deceased, who was fiddling with his phone, was struck, giving a picture of him least expecting the attack.

The axe was already in the bedroom, as if placed there in anticipation of the eventual use.

We discarded the accused's story that the axe was for chopping firewood, a business enterprise, not only because the land-lady did not witness the sale, but, also because there was no basis for keeping the axe under the bed.

These events, immediately before the fatal blows, disrupt the alleged sudden trigger of loss of self-control and depicts a clearly thought out process.

It emerged, as the trial progressed, the accused seemed to have abandoned psychological disintegration at the time of commission of the offence for lack of scientific evidence: see S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and also S v Chikondiwa HH281-17 wherein HUNGWE J…, discussed the issue of onus on the accused to prove mental incapacitation, remarked that:

“In discharging the onus upon it, the State is assisted by the natural inference, that, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, a sane person who engages in conduct which would ordinarily give rise to criminal liability does so consciously and voluntarily. Common sense dictates before this inference will be disturbed, a proper basis must be laid which is sufficiently cogent and compelling to a reasonable doubt as to the voluntary nature of the alleged actus reus.”

See also S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 HC and S v Pamela Mashungu HH357-13.

The common thread that runs through the cited cases is that where a plea of diminished criminal liability is raised, on the basis of overwhelming severe psychological and emotional stress, the medical and/or scientific evidence to support such assertion must be availed failing which the inference of sanity must prevail: see S v Ticket 1973 (3) SA 526; R v Romeo 1991 (1) SCR 86; and R v Chalk 1990 3 SCR 1303.

The accused is presumed sane until the contrary is proved.

In casu, the accused, as trial progressed, and in closing submissions, on realization of lack of scientific evidence, shifted more to excess provocation as having triggered the hacking of the deceased.

The defence of provocation, which the accused sought to rely on, is not a complete defence, but, rather, a partial defence which would reduce the conviction to culpable homicide in the event of the court holding, that, the provocation was sufficient to occasion momentary loss of self control thus rendering the individual incapable of having the requisite intention, actual or legal.

Section 239 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) provides as follows:

“If after being provoked a person does or omits to do anything resulting in the death of a person which would be an essential element of the crime of murder if done or omitted, as the case maybe, with the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven, the person shall be guilty of culpable homicide, if, as a result of the provocation:

(a) He or she does not have the intention or realisation referred to in section forty-seven; or

(b) He or she has the intention or realization referred to in section forty-seven but has completely lost his or her self-control, the provocation being sufficient to make a reasonable person in his or her position and circumstances lose his or her self control.”

The partial defence is clearly available in circumstances where the provocation is sufficient to negate intention.

Where an individual has been subjected to provocation to the extent of temporarily losing self-control and thus not capable of formulating intention or realising the possibility of real risk, then, the partial defence ought to be sustained.

However, in the absence of extreme provocation vitiating intention, the defence cannot be sustained: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-18; George Isiga v The State AD 77/76; and S v Stephen 1992 (1) ZLR 115 H.

Ordinarily, therefore, for this defence to hold, one ought to have been provoked and react spontaneously to the provocation. The reaction has to be on the spur of the moment such as to exclude room for reconstruction and consideration of events and then rising to react with clear thought and/or realization.

Where there is room for formulation of intention, as in this case, where there was no instant spontaneous reaction to provocation, the defence cannot be sustained.

A close look at the evidence reveals, that, on the fateful day, it was not the first time the couple had fallen out. Even the news of breaking up was not new as the parties had previously, on numerous occasions, sought counsel with relatives but failed to reconcile.

The accused was angry over the impeding breakup, but, that does not amount to excessive provocation leading to loss of self-control.

In breaking up, just like falling in love, the deceased was exercising his right and freedom of association; and, such cannot warrant loss of self control.

Upon considering the totality of the evidence and the events of the day in question; the couple's relationship was no longer cordial; they were on separation; the metal axe, a lethal weapon, was put in the bedroom beforehand; the gestures to buy clothes for her by the deceased were turned down as the accused was clearly angry; once back at home, the accused invited the deceased indoors, in the bedroom in which the axe was; whilst inside, an argument ensued and the accused locked the deceased inside.

It is not in contention, that, the deceased called his relatives to come to his rescue as he had been locked in.

Assuming the deceased had shown the accused photos of his new lover, it was not any news to the accused as she already knew this woman by name. In fact, the accused told the court, that, she was shown ordinary photographs of his other woman and not that she was shown obscene pictures or pictures of the woman and the deceased in a compromised position.

The situation is certainly distinguishable from a scenario where a spouse catches their spouse in flagrante, and, on the spur of the moment, lose it and attack with the loss of mind reducing liability to culpable homicide due to lack of intention.

In this case, the accused built up tension within herself and took the opportune time to strike, in revenge, when the deceased least expected, as he was struck while fiddling with his phone seeking rescue having been locked in.

There is no evidence, even from the accused, that, the deceased defended himself, as the event was impromptu and vicious on an unsuspecting individual.

The vicious attack was targeted on the neck and head.

Going by the weapon used, a metal axe, on the body parts to which blows were directed, to the neck and head - the obvious outcome is death.

Intention is clear from the manner of assault, the weapon used, and the vulnerable part of the body to which the assault was directed: see S v Zorodzai Moyo HMA16-17 and also S v Mema HB143-13.

What is apparent from the circumstances of this matter is the fact, that, the accused was angered by rejection by the deceased over a long period. She did not immediately react, but allowed the grudge to incubate in herself while awaiting for an opportune time to exert revenge.

Such actions do not fall under the defence of provocation for the obvious pre-planning and execution to exert revenge.

The murder weapon was stashed in the bedroom, well in advance, awaiting the opportune time. When the opportunity arose, the accused, who was so engrossed in scorched earth policy, and with desire to revenge, in the firm belief, if I cannot have you no one else can, fulfilled her desire to eliminate the deceased.

In the circumstances, the accused intended the consequences and thus intentionally struck the head and neck with a lethal weapon, a metal axe, viciously and severally, in circumstances where death was substantially certain.

She therefore cannot escape conviction, and is found of guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory circumstances submitted by counsel.

In mitigation, we have taken note of the fact, that, the accused is a female first offender.

The accused, throughout the proceedings, exhibited remorse and genuine penitence. She regretted her violent conduct which culminated in the death of a man she loved, husband, and father of her child.

Also in mitigation is the fact that a four (4) year old child is in the cold after the death of the father and the subsequent incarceration of the mother.

That the accused has been in custody for a period in excess of a year is a factor which cannot escape our attention in assessing sentence. This is for the obvious reason that pre-trial incarceration is traumatic, moreso with a murder charge hovering over one's head.

The accused committed the offence at the age of 23. She is a youthful offender.

The immaturity could have exposed her to acting on impulse, and, being easily swayed by external factors is not far-fetched. The accused's youthfulness, coupled with her rural background, must have propagated her obsession and clinging on to the archaic notion, if I cannot have you no-one else should, at the expense of violating the accused's rights and freedom of choice and association.

Also in mitigation is the fact, that, the accused's moral blameworthiness is reduced by the fact, that, the relatives did not render the chain of support expected for a young lady facing challenges of rejection.

The trauma associated with rejection, albeit not reducing criminal liability, cannot be ignored when considering an appropriate sentence.

The accused is prepared to compensate the bereaved family for the death of her husband; that is a noble gesture, but, no amount of compensation can bring back the precious human life.

The accused stands convicted of a serious and heinous crime of murder.

The attack on the deceased, a supposed lover, was most brutal and vicious. The accused mercilessly hacked the deceased, several times, with a metal axe on the head and neck. The ghastly attack caused loss of precious human life.

In the circumstances, the deceased died for simply exercising his rights to terminate a love affair.

No one has a right to take away another's life for whatever reason. Section 48(1) of the Constitution is instructive. It says:

“Every person has a right to life.”

The right to life is a God given right which must not be taken away on whims. No amount of compensation or remorse can bring back the lost precious human life. The deceased's child has been deprived of a father and love by her mother who murdered the father in cold blood.

The murder emanated from the unaccepted social ill of domestic violence.

The home has been turned into wrestling and boxing rings, with fatal consequences, instead of being a place of safe abode and protection. Love can never be expressed by physically assaulting the spouse or other family members.

Courts ought to register displeasure and revulsion of domestic violence related murders by passing severe sentences.

The circumstances of this matter would call for the maximum penalty.

However, in due recognition of the youthfulness of the accused, and that her actions could have been perpetuated and precipitated by lack of guidance and support from the large family and society, a reasonably long prison term is considered appropriate.

In weighing mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors, and matching the offence to the offender, it is our considered view, that, the accused be sentenced as follows:

18 years imprisonment.

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HMT33-20 - STATE vs ANESU MAFOKOSHO

Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

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Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

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