This is an appeal against the judgment of the High Court sitting at Harare, handed down on 12 December 2016.
In the judgment, the court a quo found the first three appellants guilty of murder and the fourth appellant guilty as an accessory after the fact, of public violence.
The first three appellants were sentenced each to 20 years imprisonment.
The fourth appellant was sentenced to a fine of $500, or, in default, three months' imprisonment with a further three years imprisonment suspended on conditions.
The appeal is against the convictions and the sentences.
Background Facts
On 29 May 2011, a political party, “the MDC-T”, held a political gathering at a shopping center in one of the suburbs in Harare. The purpose of the gathering was to celebrate the party's T-shirt visibility programme.
A group of police officers, led by the deceased, was dispatched to disperse the gathering which was deemed illegal.
When ordered, by the police officers, to disperse, the group did not resist but pleaded with the police to first complete their food preparations, which included a barbecue, before they could disperse. The police agreed to this arrangement and left.
Reports later reached the police that the group had thereafter relocated to another shopping centre in the same suburb. The police, once again, led by the deceased, reacted and followed to the new location.
When the officers tried to disperse the gathering at the new location, they were met with stiff resistance. In the melee that ensued, the deceased was stoned by an unidentified assailant. He fell down onto the tarmac. He died as a result of a severe injury to his head which depressed his skull and caused damage to his brain.
On 12 March 2012, the appellants, and 25 others, were arraigned before the court a quo facing one count of murder as defined in section 47 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], and, alternatively or concurrently, with public violence as defined in section 36 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.
After a protracted trial lasting over four years, the appellants were duly convicted and sentenced as detailed above.
The court a quo found that the first three appellants had, on 29 May 2011, unlawfully and with actual intent to kill, murdered the deceased by hitting him on the head with a brick, causing injuries from which he later died.
It found the fourth appellant guilty as an accessory after the fact to the crime of public violence, which it held to be subsumed in the crime of murder.
The fourth appellant had ferried the first two appellants from the scene of the crime in the vehicle he was driving.
In finding the first three appellants guilty of murder, the court was clear in its mind that the guilt of the accused persons hinged on whether or not the appellants participated in the commission of the crime, either directly or by association. In particular, it was its view that the case against the three appellants hinged on the applicability of the common law doctrine of common purpose, which it dealt with extensively, before convicting the appellants as detailed above.
The Appeal
As indicated above, the appellants were aggrieved by the convictions and sentences. In noting this appeal, they raised six grounds. I cite them here in full:
“1. The court a quo erred and seriously misdirected itself when it failed to properly apply the law and discharge the appellants as it was obliged to at the close of the State's case in terms of section 198(2) of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code, when no evidence justifying their placement on their defence had been led, and, in doing so, denied them a fair trial with the result that the conviction and sentence must be vacated.
2. The court a quo further erred and misdirected itself in finding the appellants guilty on the basis of the doctrine of common purpose, when, in law, the doctrine is no longer part of our law; the criminal law of Zimbabwe, having been codified in the Criminal Law Codification and Reform Code, which specifically outlaws Roman-Dutch Criminal Law.
3. The court a quo further erred and misdirected itself when it convicted the fourth appellant as an accessory after the fact to the crime of public violence when there is no actual perpetrator convicted of public violence.
4. The court a quo further erred and misdirected itself when it failed to find, as an extenuating circumstance, the fact that none of the appellants were shown to have directly participated in the melee that resulted in the deceased's death, thus reducing their moral blameworthiness.
5. Taking into account the full circumstances of the case, the court a quo's sentence of 20 years imprisonment induces a sense of shock in its excessiveness.
6. The court a quo erred and misdirected itself when it suspended a portion of the sentence on wide incompetent terms unrelated to the crime under which the appellant was convicted.”
The Issues
The issues that fall for determination in this appeal are interwoven.
The first ground of appeal argues that the court a quo erred in failing to acquit the appellants at the close of the State case when there was no evidence justifying the continuation of the trial beyond that point.
This seemingly raises the issue whether the court a quo erred as alleged.
I use the word seemingly deliberately. This is so because of the settled position at law, that, failure to discharge an accused person at the close of the State case can only sustain an appeal where it is found that at the close of the State case there was no evidence justifying a conviction and the defence case furnished no such proof.
The position, first debated in the controversial case of Kachipare v S 1998 (2) ZLR 271 (S), has gained traction and is accepted as the correct statement of our law: see S v Hunzvi 2000 (1) ZLR 540 (SC).
It has occurred to me that the rule in Kachipare v S 1998 (2) ZLR 271 (S) can be understood in two distinct senses:
(i) In the one, it renders incompetent and unsustainable, as a ground of appeal, one that simply alleges a failure by the lower court to acquit the appellant at the close of the State case without further alleging that there was no defence evidence proving guilt.
In this sense, it is an instruction to appellants not to seek to rely on the bare allegation that at the close of the State case there was insufficient evidence. The ground of appeal must, of necessity, attack the totality of the evidence led in the trial.
(ii) In the other, it directs the Appellate Court determining the question raised by such a ground to also consider the evidence led in the defence case before upholding or dismissing such a ground.
It is however not necessary that I debate to finality which of the two senses the court in Kachipare v S 1998 (2) ZLR 271 (S) intended. For the purposes of determining this appeal, I will assume it is the latter.
In view of the fact that the court a quo relied on the common law doctrine of common purpose to place the appellants, and others, on their respective defences, and, in convicting the appellants at the end of the trial, it is only logical that I deal, firstly, with whether or not the common law doctrine of common purpose was, at the material time, part of the Zimbabwean criminal law.
This is the issue that arises from the second ground of appeal.
Depending on my findings on the above issue, I will proceed to determine whether there was sufficient evidence against the appellants to justify the continuation of their respective trials beyond the close of the State case on the basis of the applicable law. This will address the issue that arises from the first ground of appeal.
The issue relating to the propriety of the sentences imposed on the appellants shall thereafter be determined, and only to the extent that this becomes necessary.
I have thus set up three issues which I now deal with seriatim. These are:
1. Whether, at the material time, the common law principle of common purpose was part of the Zimbabwean criminal law;
2. Whether, at the close of the State case, there was evidence justifying the continuation of the trial; and
3. Whether the sentences imposed on the appellants are severe and induce a sense of shock.
The Law
Was the common law doctrine of common purpose part of the Zimbabwean criminal law at the material time?
The criminal law of Zimbabwe was codified by the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], “the Code”. The Code was promulgated in 2005 and came into force on 1 July 2006.
The purpose of the codification was partly to bring together, under one statute, the main aspects of the criminal law that were hitherto fragmented, and, partly, to reform and improve on the criminal law. This explains the lengthy and double-barrelled title of the Code: see Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] by PROFESSOR G FELTOE…,.
The Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) therefore not only systematically arranged the existing material on criminal law conveniently under one legislation but also amended and modified the law.
Whilst the codification of the law brought with it convenience, the reform had wide-reaching ramifications. These ranged from the cosmetic, such as changing the nomenclature for some common law crimes, to the radical and fundamental. It changed the source of criminal law and supplanted itself and other statutes as the predominant source of the criminal law in the jurisdiction.
It appears to me, that, it was the clear intention of the law makers to make the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), and other statutes, the sole sources of the criminal law in the jurisdiction after the fashion of the Napoleonic and other civil law penal codes. This it sought to achieve through the cumulative effect of the provisions of sections 3 and 9 of the Code.
Section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) provides that:
“3. Roman-Dutch criminal law no longer to apply
(1) The non-statutory Roman-Dutch criminal law in force in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope on 10 June 1891, as subsequently modified in Zimbabwe, shall no longer apply within Zimbabwe to the extent that this Code expressly or impliedly enacts, re-enacts, amends, modifies, or repeals that law.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not prevent a court, when interpreting any provisions of this Code, from obtaining guidance from judicial decisions and legal writings on relevant aspects of -
(a) The criminal law referred to in subs (1); or
(b) The criminal law that is or was in force in any country other than Zimbabwe.”
It further appears to me that the language used in the section was deliberately wide to oust as much of the common law as is possible and was intended to make the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), and other statutes, the predominant sources of the criminal law in this jurisdiction with the common law providing a fall-back position to avoid any possible gaps in the law.
Thus, to widen the scope of its application, and, contrary to the general principle of interpretation of statutes that holds that statutes can only oust the application of the common law expressly and in clear language, section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) permits and legitimizes the ousting of common criminal law by implication: see S v Matare 1993 (2) ZLR 88 (SC).
Section 9 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which anchors the legitimacy of any criminal conviction and penalty in this jurisdiction provides that:
“9 Liability for criminal conduct
A person shall not be guilty of or liable to be punished for a crime unless -
(a) The crime is defined by this Code or any other enactment; and
(b) The person committed the crime or was a party to its commission as provided in this Code or in the enactment concerned; and
(c) His or her liability is based upon voluntary conduct; and
(d) Subject to subs (5) of section seventeen, the person engaged in the conduct constituting the crime with any of the blameworthy states of mind referred to in sections thirteen to sixteen of this Code or any other enactment may require; and
(e) His or her liability is based upon unlawful conduct, that is upon conduct for which there is no lawful excuse affording that person a complete defence to the criminal charge, whether in terms of Chapter XIV or otherwise.”
I digress briefly to note that the position I have detailed above held possibly only up to 2013 when the new Constitution was adopted. I say so advisedly because section 89 of the Constitution, which was enacted after the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) provides that:
“89 Law to be administered
Subject to the provisions of any law for the time being in force in Zimbabwe relating to the application of African customary law, the law to be administered by the Supreme Court, the High Court and by any courts in Zimbabwe subordinate to the High Court shall be the law in force in the Cape of Good Hope on 10 June 1891, as modified by subsequent legislation having in Zimbabwe the force of law.”
There is therefore some scope to argue, that, through the provisions of section 89 above, the Constitution has reinstalled, for all purposes and for all laws, including the criminal law, the Roman-Dutch common law as a source of law. Put differently, there is scope to argue that the provisions of section 89 of the Constitution have clouded and rendered ambiguous the language of section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, before the enactment of the Constitution, was clear and required no interpretation.
I remain of the above view notwithstanding, that, the repealed Constitution had a similarly worded section 89 on the law to be administered by the courts.
The law in force in the Cape of Good Hope on 10 June 1891 or Roman-Dutch common law, as it is appropriately called, was the applicable law together with subsequent legislation modifying the common law.
The Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), having effect on a date subsequent to the adoption of the repealed Constitution, was permissible “subsequent legislation” modifying the common law.
In summary, therefore, the law of common purpose has seen major changes, in 2006 when the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) took effect, possibly in 2013 when the Constitution was adopted, and, in 2016, when section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) was amended.
Quite apart from the fact that we did not have the benefit of researched argument from counsel on it, this issue is not relevant for the determination of this appeal.
This is so because the material date in this appeal is 29 May 2011 - which fell well before the adoption of the Constitution.
I merely flag the possible impact of section 89 of the Constitution on section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) for law development purposes.
The issue illustrates how complex the determination of the applicable criminal law in any case after the codification of the criminal law may become and how it would appear that the codification and reform of the criminal law has created an un-intended minefield for the unwary.
Returning to the issue under discussion, it is common cause that the material date in this appeal is 29 May 2011. This was the date of the commission of the crime.
Section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) applied.
Its language is clear and admits of no doubt. It therefore requires no interpretation.
To establish whether or not the common law principle of common purpose was applicable at the material time, I must perforce look to the text of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) to establish whether or not the Code had, at that time, expressly or impliedly enacted, re-enacted, amended, modified or repealed the principle under challenge. If it had dealt with the principle in any manner as detailed in section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, then, the common law principle was no longer applicable. The reverse would also hold.
What then is the common law doctrine of common purpose?
It is a principle that deems the participation of two or more persons in the commission of a crime where the two or more persons associate with a common intent to commit the crime and one of them does commit the crime. It thus provides for co-perpetrators of crime with a common intent. In essence, the doctrine provides, that, if two or more people act together in pursuance of a common intent, every act done by one of them in furtherance of that common intent is deemed, at law, to be the act of them all: see Macklin, Murphy and Others (1838) 168 ER 1136; and Chauke v S 2000 (2) ZLR 494 (S).
The common law doctrine of common purpose has a dragnet effect. This is self–evident. As the head-note to S v Safatsa 1998 (1) SA 869 AD has it:
“The principle applicable where there is shown to have been a common purpose is that the act of one participant, in causing the death of the deceased, is imputed, as a matter of law, to the other participants (provided, of course, that the necessary mens rea is present).
A causal connection between the acts of every party to the common purpose and the death of the deceased need not be proved to sustain a conviction of murder in respect of each of the participants.”
When the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) was enacted, it provided, in section 196, for the liability of co-perpetrators who associate with each other with the intention that each or any of them shall commit any crime.
Broadly, this provision re-enacted the essence of the common law doctrine of common purpose.
In terms of section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) as detailed above, the direct application of the common law doctrine of common purpose, in establishing the criminal liability of accused persons at the material time, was, therefore, ousted by the enactment of section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code).
The criminal liability and punishment for two or more people who allegedly acted with a common intent at the time could only be imposed in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code).
On the basis of the above, it is my specific finding, that, at the time the appellants were charged with the crimes of murder and/or public violence, the common law doctrine of common purpose was not applicable in this jurisdiction. The then section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) was the applicable law.
Before I proceed to analyse the decision a quo, I wish to comment on the submission by counsel for the respondent, that, the common law doctrine of common purpose is still applicable in our courts as this Court has applied it in two instances after the promulgation of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] ( the Code). Reference, in this regard, was made to the decisions of this Court in (1) Vusimuzi Moyo (2) Khulekani Nkomo v S SC37-13 and Ncube v S SC58-14.
As indicated above, the law appears to be in flux in the wake of the adoption of the Constitution. The critical factor, in my view, is the date when the alleged crimes were committed.
More importantly, though, I am unable to find a discussion of section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in either of the two cases.
I do not, therefore, hold the two cases as authority for the proposition that the common law doctrine of common purpose was the applicable law at the time the crimes alleged against the appellants herein were committed.
Analysis
In placing the appellants, and others, on their respective defences at the close of the State case, the court a quo had this to say:
“As I have stated elsewhere in this judgment, the State case is based on the common law doctrine of common purpose or conspiracy to commit a crime which has now been codified under section 188 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] which provides that:
“(1) Any person who enters into an agreement with one or more other persons for the commission of a crime in terms of this Code or any other enactment:-
(a) Intending, by that agreement, to bring about the commission of the crime; or
(b) Realizing that there is real risk or possibility that the agreement may bring about the commission of a crime…,.”
The court a quo proceeded to refer to case law and legal texts on the common law doctrine of common purpose before stating, as the basis of its decision, that:
“…, anyone who is shown to have associated himself or herself, at the material time, with the group that eventually killed the deceased, in the process of resisting police orders to disperse, has a case to answer.”
In convicting the appellants, the court a quo applied the same law that it had applied in dismissing the application to discharge the appellants at the close of the State case.
It applied the common law doctrine of common purpose.
The provisions of sections 3 and 9 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) were not drawn to its attention and were therefore never considered by it.
The error that the court a quo fell into is self-evident.
It applied the wrong law in establishing whether or not the appellants had participated or associated themselves with the commission of the crime in such a manner as to attract criminal liability. It applied the common law doctrine of common purpose instead of finding the liability of the appellants on the basis of the provisions of section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) as it then was.
Clearly, but again in error, the court a quo was of the view, that, at the material time, the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) and the common law were of equal and interchangeable application.
They were not.
I say so, because, having found that the common law principle of common purpose had been codified in section 188 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, which provides for conspiracy, erroneous on its own, the court a quo was of the view that it could then revert to the common law principle of common purpose and apply it directly to the facts of the matter that was before it.
It could not.
The intention of the law makers, in enacting the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) appears to me to have been quite clear.
Once a court finds that the common law has been enacted, re-enacted, modified, or repealed in the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, the Code takes over and becomes the sole source of the law and the provisions of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act become exclusively applicable, with precedent only acting as a guide in interpreting the provisions of the Code.
Thus, even assuming for a moment that conspiracy and the doctrine of common purpose are the same, as noted above, a finding by the court a quo that the doctrine of common purpose had been provided for under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) as “conspiracy” would have debarred it from further proceeding to apply the common law principle directly.
This was the essence of the provision of section 3 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) at the material time as discussed above.
Again, and quite erroneously, the court a quo based its application of the common law doctrine of common purpose on the codification of conspiracy. It was of the view that the two are one and the same concepts both under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) and at common law.
They are not.
It is, however, not necessary that I burden this judgment with a discussion of the differences between the two concepts. Suffice it to say that they are provided for separately in the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) and have different requirements.
On the basis of the above, I am compelled to find, that, the court a quo misdirected itself, and gravely so, in finding the appellants guilty, as it did, on the application of a law that was not applicable in this jurisdiction at the time of the commission of the crimes with which the appellants were charged.
The conviction of the appellants cannot stand and must be set aside.
This, however, does not entitle the appellants to their acquittal for I must now turn to consider whether the appellants were guilty as charged on the basis of the provisions of section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code), as it then was - the law that the court a quo ought to have applied.
Whether at the close of the State case there was evidence justifying the continuation of the trial
Section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) itself has seen some major changes since the promulgation of the Code. These changes have seen a progressive narrowing down of the applicability of the common law doctrine of common purpose.
The original section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, when the Code was enacted, was repealed and replaced in 2016 through the provisions of the General Laws Amendment Act, 2016. This amendment took effect on 1 July 2016.
Notwithstanding that the trial of this matter was concluded in 2016, after the amendment had taken effect, the applicable law in the trial of the appellants remained the law that was in force in 2011 when the crimes were allegedly committed. This is so because of the hallowed principle of our law that guards against the retrospectivity of statutes in general and of crimes in particular.
The changes in the law may explain the joint, but erroneous, submission by both counsel before us, that, the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) did not provide for instances that fell to be determined under the doctrine.
It does, and, at the material time, it did.
At the material time, section 196(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) provided as follows:
“196 Liability of co-perpetrators
(1) Subject to this section, where -
(a) Two or more persons knowingly associate with each other with the intention that each or any of them shall commit or be prepared to commit any crime; and
(b) Any one of the persons referred to in para (a) ('the actual perpetrator') commits the crime; and
(c) Any one of the persons referred to in para (a) other than the actual perpetrator ('the co-perpetrator') is present with the actual perpetrator during the commission of the crime; the conduct of the actual perpetrator shall be deemed also to be the conduct of every co-perpetrator, whether or not the conduct of the co-perpetrator contributed directly in any way to the commission of the crime by the actual perpetrator.”
The entire section, as cited above, was, in 2016, repealed and replaced by a new section that deals with a different subject matter. A new section, section 196A, was inserted to deal with the liability of co-perpetrators who knowingly associate for common purpose of committing a crime or crimes. It provides as follows:
“196A Liability of co-perpetrators
(1) If two or more persons are accused of committing a crime in association with each other and the State adduces evidence to show that each of them had the requisite mens rea to commit the crime, whether by virtue of having the intention to commit or the knowledge that it would be committed, or the realization of a real risk or possibility that a crime of the kind in question would be committed, then they may be convicted as co-perpetrators, in which event the conduct of the actual perpetrator (even if none of them is identified as the actual perpetrator) shall be deemed also to be the conduct of every co-perpetrator, whether or not the co- perpetrator contributed directly in any way to the commission of the crime by the actual perpetrator.
(2) The following shall be indicative (but not, in themselves, necessarily decisive) factors tending to prove that two or more persons accused of committing a crime in association with each other together had the requisite mens rea to commit the crime, namely, if they -
(a) Were present at or in the vicinity of the scene of the crime in circumstances which implicate them directly or indirectly in the commission of that crime; or
(b) Were associated together in any conduct that is preparatory to the conduct which resulted in the crime for which they are charged; or
(c) Engaged in any criminal behavior as a team or group prior to the conduct which resulted in the crime for which they are charged.”
As indicated above, section 196A of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] does not have retrospective effect and is of no application to the facts of this appeal.
Accepting then, as we must, that, at the material time, the common law principle of common purpose had been re-enacted with modification that restricted its application; the liability of each accused person stood to be proved on the basis of the provisions of section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) as it then was.
Principally, the State had to lead evidence tending to prove;
(i) Firstly, that the appellants knowingly associated with the person who killed the deceased;
(ii) Secondly, that such association was with the intention that each or any of them would kill or be prepared to kill the deceased; and
(iii) Thirdly, that the appellants were present with the actual perpetrator when the fatal blow was delivered.
It is, however, common cause that the scene of the crime was a busy shopping centre where there was a beer outlet, a car wash, vendors, including some who were cooking meals for sale, a flea market, and other members of the public who were waiting to use public transport. This was a Sunday afternoon falling at the end of the month. The crowd at the scene of the crime was not homogenous. It was made up of these members of the public and members of the MDC-T who had relocated from the first venue of their celebrations.
No evidence was led that the crowd had a common intent.
The first and second appellants alleged, in their Defence Outlines, that they were at the shopping centre accompanying a friend whose shoe was being repaired in the car park. The third appellant alleged that he was attending a church service and adduced into evidence a video tape that proved his attendance at the church. The video tape, however, only recorded the church proceedings up to 12:30 in the afternoon.
The alleged crime was committed after 12:30pm - between 2:00pm and 4:00pm.
It was not in dispute that the fourth appellant, employed as a driver, was sent to pick up crockery from the celebrations. When he saw the disturbances at the shopping centre, he decided to make a U-turn. In the process, he picked up the first and second appellants.
It is further common cause that the actual perpetrator of the crime, who was unidentified, came from within the crowd that gathered at the shopping centre during the melee.
Against the backdrop that I have painted above, it is difficult to envisage how the crowd, including the appellants, could have knowingly come together with one intent for the purposes of the law.
In any event, the evidence led a quo showed that the crowd had not come together but that persons making up the crowd found themselves at the shopping centre at the same time that the conflict between the police and the members of the MDC-T erupted.
I pause to observe that the cases where the common law principle of common purpose was applied successfully in this jurisdiction invariably involved a team or group of persons setting out to commit a crime or crimes. The accused persons knowingly embarked on their respective criminal enterprises. An appreciable number of the cases involve a pair or teams of robbers: see S v Mubaiwa & Anor 1992 (2) ZLR 362 (SC); S v Ndebu & Anor 1985 (2) ZLR 45 (SC); Matende & Machokoto v S AD 55/79.
In Chauke v S 2000 (2) ZLR 494 (S), the accused persons were a group of prisoners that teamed up to escape from lawful custody.
The crowd in casu pre-existed the violence with no commonality unlike the mob in S v Safatsa 1998 (1) SA 869 AD.
In that case, the mob gathered and formed with the specific intention to attack the deceased in protest against an increase in the levies by their local council, in which the deceased was the Deputy Mayor. The mob had set out to attack the deceased, and others who were viewed to have voted for the increase in levies.
To ascribe a common intention or individual mens rea to each member of the crowd in such circumstances of this appeal, in my view, is to stretch the applicability of the common purpose doctrine beyond its highest water mark.
The crowd that was at the scene of the crime did not plan the outing as a criminal enterprise. It did not set out to attack the police. Individual members of the crowd were not armed with stones when they went to the shopping centre.
The stoning of the deceased was un-premeditated by the crowd and the regrettable tragedy was unforeseen. It was a riotous reaction to the presence of the police.
Quite understandably, at the close of the State case, there was no evidence tending to show that the crowd had come together at any one stage. Further, and again, understandably so, there was no evidence at the end of the State case that the crowd harbored a single intention.
In this regard, a contrast may be made to the facts in S v Safatsa 1998 (1) SA 869 AD where the court found that the accused shared a common purpose with the crowd to kill the deceased, and, consequently, the acts of the mob were imputed to each of the accused.
Per contra, in casu, there was no evidence led a quo that the crowd coalesced around a single intention to assault and/or to attack the police.
Instead, the evidence from the State witnesses shows that the crowd had different intentions, as shown by their different reactions to the presence of the police at the shopping centre. Some ran away. Some remained where they were and only ran away to hide when the violence unfolded. Some may have joined in the violence with unknown intentions.
To be fair to the respondent, it was never its contention that the crowd had one intention.
Some members of the crowd must have remained strangers to each other with their separate and individual intentions.
The law, as provided in section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) sought to penalise two or more people who, knowingly, embarked on a criminal enterprise. It was not the intention of this law to penalise two or more persons whose criminal intentions may have coincided as may have happened with the crowd in casu.
The possibility that this is what in fact happened was not shifted beyond a reasonable doubt.
I have examined the evidence that was led a quo to establish if there is any basis upon which I can infer that the crowd did come together with the intention of killing the deceased.
I find none.
The crowd remained a typical weekend crowd found at any busy shopping centre. There was no evidence, at the close of the State case, that it had a common intention to commit any crime. The defence case did not proffer such evidence.
Even if one were to infer that some members of the MDC-T formed the intention to repel the police with force, there is no evidence that this intention was shared with the members of the public who then knowingly associated with the political party in its alleged criminal intent.
I therefore find that, at the close of the State case, there was no evidence that the crowd knowingly came together with the intention of murdering the deceased and that the crowd in fact had that common intention.
No such evidence was adduced during the defence case.
On the basis of the finding that I make above, the appellants were entitled to their discharge, on the main charge, at the close of the State case.
Assuming that I have erred in making the above finding, the convictions of the first three appellants of murder, would, in any event, be invalidated by the provisions of the repealed section 196(8) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] which provided that:
“(8) For the avoidance of doubt, it is declared, that, this section may not be used to convict a co-perpetrator of murder unless he or she was present with the actual perpetrator while the victim was still alive and before a mortal wound or mortal wounds had been inflicted.”
Because the respondent was oblivious of the provisions of section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act in its entirety, no evidence was led to show that the appellants were present with the actual perpetrator when the deceased was felled by the brick that caused the mortal wound.
In the absence of such evidence, the law clearly provided, at the material time, that, the appellants could not be convicted of the murder of the deceased.
It is therefore my finding, that, there was no evidence a quo that the appellants had knowingly associated with the actual perpetrator of the crime with the intention of committing the crime or any crime and that they were present with the actual perpetrator when the crime was committed.
The defence case did not supply the missing evidence.
The requirements of section 196 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) were not satisfied.
In the absence of evidence that the appellants participated in the commission of the crime, as provided for in the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), they cannot be convicted.
They are therefore entitled to an acquittal on the charge of murder....,.
The appellants were charged concurrently, or, in the alternative, with the crime of public violence. The crime is created by the provisions of section 36 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act which reads:
“(1) Any person, who, acting in concert with one or more other persons, forcibly and to a serious extent -
(a) Disturbs the peace, security or order of the public or any section of the public; or
(b) Invades the rights of other people; intending such disturbance or invasion or realizing that there is a real risk or possibility that such disturbance or invasion may occur, shall be guilty of public violence and liable to a fine…,.”
The crime of public violence, as re-enacted in the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code) has similar essential elements as the common law crime: These consist of the unlawful and intentional commission by a number of persons, acting in concert, of acts of sufficiently serious dimensions which are intended to violently disturb the public peace or invade the rights of others.
The crowd need not have acted with pre-meditation.
