Warned and Cautioned Statements, Indications, Evidence Aliunde & Presumption of Clarity of Events Nearer Date of Event

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Defence Outline, State Outline re: Approach, Testimonial Discrepancies and Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Inadmissible Evidence re: Similar Fact Evidence and the Rule of Relevance

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences....,.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

Corroborative Evidence re: Approach and Principle that Lies Told By Accused Amount to Corroboration of State Witnesses

Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

Pirato Machingura gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach....,.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well...,.

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation, Inferential Reasoning, Confessions & the Principle of Evidence Aliunde

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation and Inferential Reasoning re: Key Witness, Eyewitness & Res Gestae

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Police Investigations, Arrest, Search and Seizure With or Without a Warrant re: Approach

The police details who attended the scene, namely, Ngonidzashe Mukunguma of the Special Constabulary Unit, Sergeant Admire Mhaka, Detective Assistant Inspector Henry Thuso, Sergeant Innocent Manyika, Constable Farai Mayengehana, Constable Alex Chimugoro, Assistant Inspector Brighton Mudzingwa's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was basically evidence on common cause aspect involving attendance of the scene of crime, investigations, recording statements and indications. The investigating officer recovered the bayonet knife, and his team caused the body to be taken for postmortem examination.

Caleb Mhlanga's evidence was basically confirmation of the measurement of the knife presented to him by the police. The witness compiled the certificate of weight, exhibit 4.

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence, Defence of Property and the Defence of Necessity re: Approach

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Intoxication, Insanity and the Presumption of Sanity

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

Approach, Rehearsed & Fabricated Defences & Obligation of Court to make findings on all defences proffered by Accused

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

Indictment or Charge re: Charge Sheet, Framing of Charges, Essential Elements, Causation, Intention & Competent Verdict

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Defence of Abandonment, Claim of Right, Mistake of Fact or Law and Establishment of Mens Rea or Intention

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence, Inferences, the Cardinal Rule of Logic and Evidential Concessions

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Onus re: Evidential Standard and Burden of Proof iro Approach and the Presumption of Innocence

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Murder re: Murder with Constructive Intent, Foreseeability Intention, Reckless Conduct or Dolus Eventualis

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged, that, on 19 April 2019, at around 2100 hours, and at Village 26, Mount Zonwe, Odzi, the accused person stabbed the deceased thrice on the left arm, abdomen, and left side of the chest with a bayonet knife intending to kill him or realizing that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause the death and continued to engage in that conduct despite the risk or possibility resulting in injuries from which the said Agent Mukunguma died.

The remains of the deceased were taken for post mortem and Dr Chibowa compiled a post-mortem report, tendered as exhibit 1 by consent. The doctor observed wounds and concluded, that, cause of death was massive haemothorax chest trauma.

The accused, in his Defence Outline, denied having an intention to kill the accused at all.

The accused pointed out, that, they had spent the greater part of the day together with the deceased drinking beer. Upon their return home, that is when an argument ensued when the accused threatened to assault his wife after she served sadza. The two engaged in a fight, and, when the deceased took stones, the accused then took a knife to scare off the deceased. The fight continued until one Simbanai Mawoyo restrained and the deceased escaped.

The accused was however undeterred so he followed and the fight continued. It was then that the accused started to stab the deceased in self-defence.

Worth noting at this stage is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 2, in which the accused admitted stabbing the deceased with a bayonet knife while the two, who were drunk, were fighting.

In the warned and cautioned statement, there is no mention of use of stones by the deceased.

Also tendered in evidence, by consent, was the sketch plan, exhibit 3; the certificate of weight of the bayonet knife, exhibit 4; and the bayonet knife itself, exhibit 5.

The State relied on evidence of 14 witnesses, two (2) of whom gave oral evidence while the other 12's evidence was formerly admitted in terms of section 314 of the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act [Chapter 9:07].

Beaulah Mutoma, the wife of the accused, gave oral evidence to the effect, that, the accused and the deceased, his nephew, engaged in a fight. The fight was occasioned by the efforts to intervene made by the deceased in an attempt to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness.

The witness's account was that the accused was violent on the day in question as he would physically lift her and then throw her on the ground over an issue of the quantity of sadza.

The witness, who was visibly bitter and keen on seeing the accused punished, exaggerated her testimony.

She sought to convince the court, that, she observed the first fist fight and then remained in attendance and watching while the accused was armed and striking the deceased with a bayonet knife.

Despite pointing out that she fled with her children, she sought to paint a picture that she witnessed the accused strike the deceased who had fled to his home.

Further, she stated that she also witnessed the tobacco field slashing of the deceased and the striking at the homestead.

The witness sought to have the court accept that she was everywhere, and that, despite the darkness of the night, she had a vivid picture of how the accused struck the deceased.

She did not hide her desire to have the accused punished and nailed for his violent conduct.

She could have done better as a witness if she had maintained an honest stance as opposed to being vindictive and thus exaggerate the testimony.

We did not take the witness as entirely credible.

What we deduced from the bitter witness's testimony is that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fraca because the deceased sought to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, the witness. Her overzealous manner of testifying is understandable when one considers the manner of assault perpetrated on her; that is, being raised and thrown to the ground.

To correspond with what the witness stated, the accused was generally of violent disposition and that he was in the habit of violently abusing her.

She obviously was not candid with the court when she stated that she observed each and every stage and blow of the fight; but, we cannot ignore the common cause aspects, particularly that the accused and the deceased engaged in a fight and that the accused stabbed the deceased with fatal consequences.

Shylet Manyanga's evidence, which was formerly admitted, was essentially as follows:

She was married to the deceased, and the accused is a brother to her father in law. The deceased proceeded to the accused's homestead, reacting to the accused's wife's scream for help since the accused was assaulting her. The witness also followed and found the accused and the deceased fist fighting. The fight was stopped by one Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura.

Later, the deceased went back to look for his shoe and a fight erupted in the tobacco field.

She then heard her husband scream - he had been stabbed. She observed him bleeding from the arm and abdomen.

The deceased then followed the accused at his homestead requesting him to finish him off. It was then that the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest and he instantly fell to the ground whereupon he died.

The third witness, Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence was formerly admitted:

It was essentially, that, the accused and the deceased were earlier drinking beer together. They went home together with the witness. After the accused's wife served the two with sadza, he together with the deceased, left the accused's homestead and parted ways. He later heard screams from a female voice from the accused's homestead. This prompted the witness to rush to the scene whereupon he observed the accused fighting with the deceased while one Pirato Machingura was restraining.

After restraining, the two dispersed and everyone went home.

After a while, the witness heard the accused and the deceased at it again, shouting. This time, the two were now in a tobacco field. He heard the deceased shouting words to the effect, that, he had been stabbed with a knife by the accused. The deceased had injuries in the abdomen and on the arm.

The two protagonist were unstoppable as they returned to the accused's homestead.

Straight, thereafter, the accused shouted he had stabbed the deceased and was going to report himself to the Village Head.

The witness observed the deceased lying dead on the ground with blood oozing from the chest.

The fourth witness, Pirato Machingura, gave oral evidence:

His evidence tallied with Simbanai Mawoyo's evidence on all material respects.

The witness stopped the fist fight between the accused and the deceased. He, together with Simbanai Mawoyo, tried to stop the second fight in the tobacco field, but failed. The accused, who was armed with a knife, was violent, occasioning the first stab wound in the arm and abdomen, and, finally, back at the homestead, a stab wound in the chest.

The witness gave evidence well and his manner of testifying was beyond reproach.

The fifth State witness, Calvin Muperekedzwa, a neighbour to the accused, had his evidence formerly admitted:

He was drawn to the accused's residence, just like the other witnesses, by screams from the accused's wife. The accused could not accept his efforts to stop him from assaulting his wife, so he went back to his homestead. Later, the accused's wife and children approached his homestead seeking refuge. He later learnt about the death of the deceased, whose body he observed in a pool of blood at the accused's homestead....,.

The accused was the only witness in the defence case.

His evidence on common cause aspects was essentially similar to the State witness. Although he was none committal on the root cause of the fight, it was apparent he was involved in a fight with the deceased.

The accused, in giving evidence, could not successfully dodge the obvious, that, he was generally violent on the night in question. He was violent against his wife who raised alarm and three State witnesses came to assist, to no avail, as the violence continued.

The deceased also came in to assist and the violence turned nasty, resulting in the deceased being fatally stabbed.

Given the obvious sequence of events of the night in question, that, the accused stabbed the deceased, is not in dispute.

It is common cause the uncle and nephew, who had spent the day drinking together, engaged in three fights:

(i) The fight was as a result of the deceased trying to intervene to stop the accused from assaulting his wife, initially it was a fist fight.

(ii) The second fight was in the tobacco field; this time, the accused was armed with a bayonet knife and he stabbed the deceased on the arm and the abdomen.

(iii) The third and last fight was when the accused stabbed the deceased in the chest.

The question that falls for determination is whether or not when the accused stabbed the deceased he unlawfully stabbed with an intention to kill.

The offence which the accused is facing has to be proved beyond reasonable doubt by the State. The State has the onus to prove that both the actus reus and mens rea were present for a charge of murder to be sustained: see S v Lovemore Kurangana HH267-17 and S v Mugwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 57.

The accused sought to rely on self-defence, a defence provided for in the section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

A close look at the sequence of events on the day in question shows that the requirements of the defence cannot be met.

For one to successfully rely on this defence, it must be shown, that, there was an unlawful attack or imminent attack which the accused sought to defend himself from. Further, that there was imminent danger to life which could not be averted in any other manner. The means used to avert the attack has to be proportionate for one to successfully plead self defence.

In the circumstances, the defence crumbles for the obvious reason, that, all the requirements cannot be met: see S v Best Sibanda HB139-19 and also S v Mabvumbe HH39-16.

Given the common cause aspects, the actus reus component needs no further discussion.

From the evidence adduced, the first fight was a fist fight. None of the State witnesses observed the deceased being armed in any manner. In fact, it is the accused who was unrelenting on his attack on the deceased.

The accused took issue with being restrained from assaulting his wife. He armed himself with a bayonet knife which he collected from his bedroom. The accused proceeded to stab an unarmed man, the deceased, in the tobacco field.

Even if it were to be accepted that the deceased threw stones, as alleged by the accused, an assertion never confirmed by all the State witnesses, the use of a bayonet knife was clearly disproportionate.

When the final blow was delivered, in the chest, the accused was aware the deceased had been injured in the arm and abdomen, as he exclaimed he had been injured, and, in agony, uttered words to the effect that the accused should finish him off.

The deceased was badly wounded and not a threat at all to the accused.

The accused, without hesitation, and oblivious to Simbanai Mawoyo and Pirato Machingura's efforts to restrain, directed his blow to the deceased's chest.

In fact, at that stage, the accused was faced by a helplessly injured man.

There is no basis, therefore, to argue he was defending himself as he was not under threat; as such, the defence cannot be sustained.

The other thinly veiled defence, of intoxication, was properly not pursued but just mentioned in the Defence Outline.

It was evident, during cross examination of the accused by the State counsel, that, although the accused had partaken alcohol, he was in full appreciation of what was going on.

In any event, voluntary intoxication is not a defence.

As a witness, the accused did not fare well as both suggested defences could not be supported - even from the accused's own narration.

The evidence adduced spoke volumes to the unlawful conduct of the accused causing the death of the deceased.

From the totality of the evidence, the accused did not set out with an aim to kill and proceeded to kill the deceased. From evidence adduced, it is crystal clear that the accused inflicted three blows with a knife on the deceased. The last blow was aimed on the chest and it had instant fatal consequences.

The manner and nature of assault, coupled with the weapon, a bayonet knife, speaks volumes to mens rea.

The accused subjectively foresaw the possibility of his conduct, of stabbing the deceased, causing death, but, was nonetheless reckless as to the outcome.

That recklessness denotes intention.

In the case of S v Lloyd Mukukuzi and Another HH577-17 the court made pertinent remarks commenting on intention that:

“It is the reckless disregard of the risk associated with their conduct which provides necessary mens rea in the case of specific intent crime like murder.”

Given the realisation and recklessness, of stabbing with a bayonet knife, in the chest, both the actus reus and mens reas have been proved beyond reasonable doubt.

Legal intention, in the circumstances of this case, can easily be inferred from the manner of attacking, the body part attacked, and the weapon used: see S v Mema HB143-13.

In this case, the intense attack, with a bayonet knife, occasioning three stab wounds, speaks volumes to the vicious nature of attack. Such an attack denoted the attacker had an intention to kill, for it was foreseeable death will occur.

Accordingly, the accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Approach to Sentencing, the Penalty Provision of a Statute and the Pre-Sentence Inquiry

In passing sentence we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the accused and the State, respectively.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Incarceration Conditions and the Effect of Pre-trial Detention and Constitutional Rights Violations

The accused has been in custody for slightly over a year awaiting the finalisation of this matter.

The anxiety and pain that goes with pre-trial incarceration will not be ignored in passing sentence.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Extenuating Circumstances, Assessment of Blameworthiness & Effect on Mandatory Sentences

The accused and the deceased had spent the greater part of the day drinking. Although the accused knew what he was doing, he had partaken alcohol.

Domestic Violence and Gender Based Violence

The accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act....,.

The accused took exception to being restrained from subjecting his wife to inhuman and degrading treatment of physical domestic violence.

Four people, including the deceased, tried to stop him, but, he was unrelenting. The accused used a lethal weapon, a bayonet knife, on a vulnerable part of the body, the chest and abdomen.

The offence is deserving of a custodial term.

The deceased lost life at a tender age, to the detriment of his wife and child, because of violence.

Courts and society abhor the use of violence to resolve whatever form of dispute.

Sentencing re: Murder iro Murder with Constructive Intent

The accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Sentence

In passing sentence we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the accused and the State, respectively.

The accused is a first offender; the accused is a family man with responsibilities; the accused has been in custody for slightly over a year awaiting the finalization of this matter. The anxiety and pain that goes with pre-trial incarceration will not be ignored in passing sentence. The fact that the offence was not premeditated is also mitigatory.

The accused stands convicted with a charge of murder with constructive intention.

The accused, although he pleaded not guilty to the charge, admitted having been involved in physical contact with the deceased right from the onset - even in his warned and cautioned statement. The accused and the deceased had spent the greater part of the day drinking. Although the accused knew what he was doing, he had partaken alcohol. That is all that can be said in mitigation.

However, the accused stands convicted of a heinous and prevalent offence.

Murder with constructive intention is murder; in this case, worsened by use of a lethal weapon, a bayonet knife.

The accused indeed caused loss of precious human life in violation of the right to life, a God-given and constitutionally guaranteed right. The manner in which the offence was committed aggravates the offence.

The accused took exception to being restrained from subjecting his wife to inhuman and degrading treatment of physical domestic violence. Four people, including the deceased, tried to stop him, but, he was unrelenting. The accused used a lethal weapon, a bayonet knife, on a vulnerable part of the body, the chest and abdomen.

The offence is deserving of a custodial term.

The deceased lost life at a tender age, to the detriment of his wife and child, because of violence. Courts and society abhor the use of violence to resolve whatever form of dispute.

In seeking to match the crime to the offender, it is our considered view, that, a fairly long prison term is appropriate.

You are sentenced as follows:

20 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro First Offenders

The accused is found guilty of murder with constructive legal intention as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act.

Sentence

In passing sentence we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the accused and the State, respectively.

The accused is a first offender; the accused is a family man with responsibilities; the accused has been in custody for slightly over a year awaiting the finalization of this matter. The anxiety and pain that goes with pre-trial incarceration will not be ignored in passing sentence. The fact that the offence was not premeditated is also mitigatory.

The accused stands convicted with a charge of murder with constructive intention.

The accused, although he pleaded not guilty to the charge, admitted having been involved in physical contact with the deceased right from the onset - even in his warned and cautioned statement. The accused and the deceased had spent the greater part of the day drinking. Although the accused knew what he was doing, he had partaken alcohol. That is all that can be said in mitigation.

However, the accused stands convicted of a heinous and prevalent offence.

Murder with constructive intention is murder; in this case, worsened by use of a lethal weapon, a bayonet knife.

The accused indeed caused loss of precious human life in violation of the right to life, a God-given and constitutionally guaranteed right. The manner in which the offence was committed aggravates the offence.

The accused took exception to being restrained from subjecting his wife to inhuman and degrading treatment of physical domestic violence. Four people, including the deceased, tried to stop him, but, he was unrelenting. The accused used a lethal weapon, a bayonet knife, on a vulnerable part of the body, the chest and abdomen.

The offence is deserving of a custodial term.

The deceased lost life at a tender age, to the detriment of his wife and child, because of violence. Courts and society abhor the use of violence to resolve whatever form of dispute.

In seeking to match the crime to the offender, it is our considered view, that, a fairly long prison term is appropriate.

You are sentenced as follows:

20 years imprisonment.

Law Portal
Zimbabwe

HMT32-20 - THE STATE vs KUZIVA MUKUNGUMA

Warned and Cautioned Statements, Indications, Evidence Aliunde & Presumption of Clarity of Events Nearer Date of Event

Defence Outline, State Outline re: Approach, Testimonial Discrepancies and Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence

Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching

Inadmissible Evidence re: Similar Fact Evidence and the Rule of Relevance

Corroborative Evidence re: Approach and Principle that Lies Told By Accused Amount to Corroboration of State Witnesses

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation, Inferential Reasoning, Confessions & the Principle of Evidence Aliunde

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation and Inferential Reasoning re: Key Witness, Eyewitness & Res Gestae

Police Investigations, Arrest, Search and Seizure With or Without a Warrant re: Approach

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence, Defence of Property and the Defence of Necessity re: Approach

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Intoxication, Insanity and the Presumption of Sanity

Approach, Rehearsed & Fabricated Defences & Obligation of Court to make findings on all defences proffered by Accused

Indictment or Charge re: Charge Sheet, Framing of Charges, Essential Elements, Causation, Intention & Competent Verdict

Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

Defence of Abandonment, Claim of Right, Mistake of Fact or Law and Establishment of Mens Rea or Intention

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence, Inferences, the Cardinal Rule of Logic and Evidential Concessions

Onus re: Evidential Standard and Burden of Proof iro Approach and the Presumption of Innocence

Murder re: Murder with Constructive Intent, Foreseeability Intention, Reckless Conduct or Dolus Eventualis

Sentencing re: Approach iro Approach to Sentencing, the Penalty Provision of a Statute and the Pre-Sentence Inquiry

Sentencing re: Approach iro Incarceration Conditions and the Effect of Pre-trial Detention and Constitutional Rights Violations

Sentencing re: Approach iro Extenuating Circumstances, Assessment of Blameworthiness & Effect on Mandatory Sentences

Domestic Violence and Gender Based Violence

Sentencing re: Murder iro Murder with Constructive Intent

Sentencing re: Approach iro First Offenders

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HMT32-20 - THE STATE vs KUZIVA MUKUNGUMA

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