Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward...,.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses...,. Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence....,.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

Documentary Evidence and the Authenticity of Questioned Documents re: Digital Evidence

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Physical Evidence re: Approach

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

Police Investigations, Arrest, Search and Seizure With or Without a Warrant re: Approach

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea....,.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence & Defence of Necessity re: Retaliation or The Eye For An Eye Doctrine

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive....,.

The defence of necessity contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim....,.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence, Defence of Property and the Defence of Necessity re: Approach

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive....,.

The defence of necessity contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim....,.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation, Inferential Reasoning, Confessions & the Principle of Evidence Aliunde

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Circumstantial Offenders

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence and the Defence of Necessity re: Socio-Economic Hardship

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Warned and Cautioned Statements, Indications, Evidence Aliunde & Presumption of Clarity of Events Nearer Date of Event

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Provocation iro Witchcraft & Cultural Beliefs

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Corroborative Evidence re: Approach and Principle that Lies Told By Accused Amount to Corroboration of State Witnesses

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence, Inferences, the Cardinal Rule of Logic and Evidentiary Concessions

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Murder re: Murder with Actual Intent, Dolus Directus and Murder Committed in Aggravating Circumstances

In this case, precious human life was viciously lost in circumstances where love for money took over respect of the sanctity of human life.

The accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

It is alleged by the State, that, on 29 September 2018, in the morning, the accused invited the deceased to accompany him to Martin Forest for purposes of carrying planks for a fee. Upon arrival at Martin Forest, the accused suddenly pulled out a machete which was hidden in his trousers and struck the deceased on the neck and above the left ear with an intention to kill the deceased or with the realisation that there was a real risk or possibility that his conduct might cause death, and, despite the realization and risk, proceeded to strike the deceased thereby unlawfully and intentionally killing the deceased.

The accused sought to rely on the provisions of section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The accused's defence was essentially, that, he was forced by circumstances to kill the deceased in order to raise money to sustain himself and his family.

The State adduced evidence from nine (9) witnesses as follows:

Aaron Mashava gave oral evidence.

The witness, who is married to the accused's sister, recounted how the accused approached him at his shop on the night in question. He told the court that the accused requested him to place a small bag in the refrigerator for him. Further, that, the accused requested him not to open the bag. Upon inquiry, the accused revealed to him that the bag contained human body parts. The witness did not take lightly to this revelation thus he requested the accused to leave. He refused to assist the accused who departed from his shop carrying his bag with him.

The witness closed his shop shortly after the accused had left and proceeded to inform a church pastor, one Blessing Mushanguri, that the accused had body parts. This led to a chain of reports to the councillor of the ward, one Eddie Njanji, Blessing Murata, a special constabulary, and, finally, to the police investigating officer, Free Jarati, and other details who assisted, namely, Macdonald Chiwandamira and Ronald Bank Mariko.

After the initial report was made, follow ups were made with the accused at his homestead and the bag with human body parts was recovered from a disused toilet through indications from the accused.

The witness, Aaron Mashava's evidence was very straight forward as he portrayed that he was shocked by the accused's revelation. Further, he declined to have any association with the accused's dealings. It emanated from the witness, the fact that he reported and caused the accused's arrest is the reason why the accused, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness.

The accused confirmed this in his evidence when the stated, that, he, in his warned and cautioned statement, sought to implicate the witness because he was bitter over the report and arrest.

The witness, Aaron Mashava, gave his evidence well and in a straight forward manner.

He revealed that the accused used to be employed at a company called Golly in Mutare and that, at some stage, he worked with the accused leaving him guarding his car while the witness proceeded to wholesalers to order goods for his shop.

At the time of the alleged commission of the offence, the accused was no longer assisting him in guarding his car as they had only worked for about a month and he realized the accused was not responsible enough as he would leave the car unattended proceeding to smoke.

He enjoyed a good relationship with the accused as brothers in law.

All the other State witnesses evidence was formerly admitted as appears on the summary of the State case.

The evidence was on common cause aspects after the event when Aaron Mashava, in the company of the other State witnesses, swiftly approached the accused and the police recovered the body parts.

The accused subsequently led the police to the scene of crime from which the remains of the deceased, Cephas Murarenyama, was recovered.

The remains were taken for post-mortem and Doctor T. Njenjera compiled a post mortem report which was tendered as exhibit 1 by consent.

The doctor observed that body parts were missing and he observed some parts in a separate bag. These include the eyes, the heart, the penis, and testicles. According to the doctor's report, the upper limp was missing. The doctor also observed that the chest cavity was open. The skull was fractured with exploded brain tissue.

The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was severe head injury and exsanguination.

Photographs depicting the body of the deceased, with some body parts missing, were also tendered in evidence as exhibit 4. The harvested body parts photographs were also produced as exhibit 4 in the photo album.

Also adduced in evidence, as exhibit 2, is the accused's confirmed warned and cautioned statement, which, in essence, outlined how the deceased lost his life and some body parts were harvested.

The machete and certificate of weight were tendered as exhibit 3 and 3(a), by consent, with the certificate of weight revealing the standard machete weighing 0,56kg and measuring 53cm in length.

The sketch plan, showing the general layout of the scene of the crime, as per indications from the accused and witnesses to the police details, was also produced as exhibit 5 by consent.

The accused, in turn, maintained, that, he committed the offence so as to raise money for a better living for himself and his family.

He claimed that he had come across information to the effect, that, certain body parts, like the ones he harvested, were tradeable in South Africa and that he would raise an amount of money to the tune of US$50,000.

He, during his defence case, made it clear he had not been sent or influenced by his brother in law, Aaron Mashava, the State witness, but was eager to proceed to South Africa to sell body parts and then come back and buy a house in town and also a car and have a good living.

He stressed that he implicated the State witness, in his warned and cautioned statement, because of anger that had the witness kept the bag in the refrigerator, and not alerted the police, he would have accomplished his mission.

Most of the accused's evidence was on common cause aspects after the beans were spilt that he had body parts. He then led the police to the scene of the crime.

The accused and the deceased were alone when the deceased met with his death and body parts were harvested.

According to the accused, he approached the deceased and solicited for help in carrying planks for a fee of $5. The deceased was in the habit of doing menial jobs for other villagers in the community. The deceased agreed to go with the accused, and, when they were in the middle of the forest, the unsuspecting deceased was hacked by the accused and he died instantly.

During the defence case, the accused outlined how he concealed the machete in his trousers and only took it out when they were in a secluded place.

Immediately upon the death of the deceased, the accused then removed the body parts of his choice for the intended trade in South Africa for a fee of up to US$50,000.

The puzzle of how the deceased lost his life was completed by the accused when the accused recounted how he struck the deceased and harvested body parts. His evidence dovetailed with the medical evidence and photographs produced in court.

The accused's version was clear, given Aaron Mashava had let the cat out of the bag by announcing that the accused had human body parts. There was no way out after being caught red-handed with the human body parts.

The deceased lost a lot of blood and this could have been as a result of the incisions made during the time the accused harvested the body parts. The draining of blood, to levels that could not sustain life, gave in to exsanguination as a cause of death.

Further, the accused stated he struck the deceased on the neck and head causing head injury, again, causing loss of blood and occasioning death of the deceased.

There is clear evidence that body parts were recovered from the accused and he led to the recovery of the rest of the body.

The accused recounted events of the day showing his physical involvement in occasioning the death of the deceased.

The question that has to be answered, given the charge of murder which he faces, is: whether or not, in the face of the defence of necessity raised, the essential elements which constitute the offence of murder can be sustained.

Murder consist of both the actus reas and the mens rea.

The defence raised by the accused is provided for in section 263 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23]. It provides that:

“(1) Subject to this Part, the fact that it was necessary for a person accused of a crime to do or omit to do anything that is an essential element of the crime in order to avoid harm to himself or herself or to another person shall be a complete defence to the charge if -

(a) The harm which he or she sought to avoid would have resulted in -

(i) Death or serious bodily injury to himself or herself or to another person; or

(ii) Considerable financial or proprietary loss to himself or herself; and

(b) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, the harm referred to in paragraph (a) had started to occur or was imminent; and

(c) The harm referred to in paragraph (a) did not arise through his or her own fault; and

(d) He or she believed, on reasonable grounds, that, his or her conduct was necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a) and that there was no other feasible way of avoiding it; and

(e) By his or her conduct, he or she did no more harm than was reasonably necessary to avoid the harm referred to in paragraph (a), and the harm he or she did was not disproportionate to the harm referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) In determining whether harm would cause considerable financial or proprietary loss to a person for the purposes of subparagraph (ii) of paragraph (a) of subsection (1), a court shall have regard to the financial or proprietary resources of the person concerned.”

Further, section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] goes on to give further requirements to be met for the defence of necessity to be a complete defence to a person accused of murder.

It is apparent, from the reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, that, the harm that an accused seeking to rely on defence of necessity ought to be one which would have resulted in his or her death or that of family, and that he or she had no prior warning of the imminent harm and therefore would not have been able to forestall it.

The defence is akin to the defence of self-defence and is not available by mere asking but only available if all the requirements outlined by the law are met.

If all requirements are met, and it is evident that more harm than was reasonably necessary was occasioned, then, the accused relying on the defence of necessity should be liable for negligently causing the death of another - culpable homicide.

Provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) are instructive.

The defence, in the present case, sought to rely on provisions of section 265 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act and urged the court to hold that the accused was acting in compliance with the defence of necessity but that he just exceeded the limits, and, as such, should be acquitted of murder charges and be held liable for culpable homicide.

It is imperative for one to look at the circumstances of this case and see if indeed the accused struck the deceased in circumstances where liability can be vitiated by lack of intention occasioned by the defence of necessity.

From the accused's version and sequence of events, the accused is a married man. He was staying with his family at his father's homestead and there was no evidence that him and family were under threat of suffocation by lack of the basic necessities food, clothing, and shelter. The accused testified he was staying well and was well provided for. He just desired a better life in an urban area.

The accused and his family were under no attack at all from the deceased or any other members of the community.

A reading of section 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code) does not give room for ambiguous interpretation to extend the defence to cover pursuit of material acquisition.

The defence of necessity, contemplated in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, is a defence that can only be relied on by an accused who would have done the act in a bid to defend himself, or any other person, from an attack or imminent danger which would have resulted in death of the victim.

Killing another for ritual purposes, or furtherance of material acquisition, is certainly not encapsuled in the defence as outlined in sections 263 and 264 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Criminal Code): see S v Magoge 1988 (1) ZLR 163 and S v Nicole 1991 (1) ZLR.

The law only allows a person to take reasonable steps to defend himself or another against an unlawful attack, and, in so doing, an attacker, in justifiable circumstances, can be killed: see S v Mabvumbe HH39-16; S v Tafiresu HMA; and S v Mudenda HB66-15.

The accused must show that there was an imminent attack and action taken was reasonable.

There is no room for stretching the defence to situations where, out of greed and desire to be rich overnight, one can seek to hide under the umbrella of hardships and poverty as justifying killing another - let alone a person who has not attacked or have intentions of attacking the accused.

As occurred in this case, the deceased was an unsuspecting individual who agreed to be hired for labour to ferry planks. He met with his death without having attacked or threatened the accused in any manner.

The defence of necessity raised by the accused cannot be sustained in the circumstances and it is not available for the accused. The desire to get rich does not, in any manner, negate the intention of the accused. The accused was not under an attack warranting him to motivate the defence of necessity.

It is apparent, from evidence, that, the accused set out with a motive to get body parts for resale to potential buyers in South Africa. He knew the essential parts and that they were tradeable for US$50,000. The accused then embarked on a mission to scout and get a possible victim, who would not be easily traceable and who would not foil his mission by resistance.

According to the accused's own version, he settled for the deceased, a 60 year old unmarried man who lived on his own as his brothers were far away.

The accused, after statching away the murder weapon, the machete, concealed in his trousers, lured the deceased to go and help him carrying planks for $5. The piece job and fare was not real but just a bid to lure the victim to the secluded and isolated heart of the forest.

While out in the forest, the accused, at the opportune time, struck the unsuspecting victim with the machete, and he died instantly. The accused then ripped out the vital body parts for his mission and left the deceased's remains in the forest.

He took the body parts for refrigeration so as to pursue to fruition his mission.

It was at that stage that his brother in law, upon learning of the gory deeds of the accused, alerted the police.

The chain and sequence of events falls squarely into the circumstances where the accused carefully premeditated and planned on the choice of victim, choice of weapon, and lured the victim to a secluded place for purposes of execution of the carefully thought plan of killing a human being and harvesting essential body parts for the accused's own benefit.

In the case of S v Mungwanda 2002 (1) ZLR 574 and S v Sithole SVC 16/07 the court clearly and ably described forms of intention.

There is actual intention where one sets out with an aim to kill and proceeds to kill, and actual intention when one sets out with a conduct when it is substantially certain that death will occur.

There is also legal intention, the common law constructive intention: see S v Mhako ZLR (2) 73 where one proceeds to cause death with realisation that their conduct has the risk or possibility of causing death.

In this case, the accused had the actual intention to kill.

In face of the glaring clear evidence of careful pre-planning and determination envisaged by the accused in this case, one needs not seek microscopic eyes to discern, that, the accused set out with a motive and desire to kill the deceased in a vicious manner indicative of determination in achieving the set goal - and the accused proceeded to execute his mission.

The accused had both the requisite actus reas and mens rea to kill the deceased.

The accused has no defence to the charge, and, the State has proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt.

The accused is accordingly found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentencing re: Circumstantial Offenders

The accused is found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the defence and counsel for the State.

We must hasten to mention, that, there is nothing much to consider as mitigatory given the brutal ritual-related murder the accused stands convicted of.

We have taken into consideration, that, the accused is a first offender who co-operated with the police.

Further, in mitigation, are the accused's personal circumstances. He is a young family man with dependants in the form of a wife and a 2 year old child. When the accused committed the offence he was 24 and he has been awaiting finalisation of this matter for about a year in custody. The pretrial incarceration is not an easy period because of anxiety.

That is all that can be said in mitigation.

The accused stands convicted of a spine-chilling murder committed in the most brutal manner to an unsuspecting 60 year old man. A senior citizen was robbed of his life by the accused's greed and love for material possessions. The meticulous planning and determination in achieving the unlawful enterprise increases the accused's moral blameworthiness.

The court should indeed express revulsion at people who violently take away the God-given and constitutionally enshrined right to life. The sanctity of the precious human life should not be understated at all.

What aggravates the offence further in this case is the fact that the accused was living a comfortable life and had no reason to take away another man's life. The manner in which the accused set out to murder and harvest body parts is indicative of a heartless and cruel mind. The offence was committed due to laziness and greed. The accused is a menace and danger to the society and his removal from circulation is certainly called for.

The accused stands convicted of a brutal and callous murder with actual intention in aggravatory circumstances warranting consideration of capital punishment.

However, I am alive to the ongoing debate on the death penalty and I am also alive to the need to seek to match the offence to the offender, while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

A sentence which will enable the accused to reflect on his conduct, while at the same time showing society that intentional and unlawful killing of others will not be treated leniently is appropriate.

In this case, having considered the circumstances of the murder, and having weighed mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors a sentence of life imprisonment is viewed as appropriate.

Accordingly, the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Murder iro Murder with Actual Intent, the Death Penalty and the Constitutional Right to Life

The accused is found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the defence and counsel for the State.

We must hasten to mention, that, there is nothing much to consider as mitigatory given the brutal ritual-related murder the accused stands convicted of.

We have taken into consideration, that, the accused is a first offender who co-operated with the police.

Further, in mitigation, are the accused's personal circumstances. He is a young family man with dependants in the form of a wife and a 2 year old child. When the accused committed the offence he was 24 and he has been awaiting finalisation of this matter for about a year in custody. The pretrial incarceration is not an easy period because of anxiety.

That is all that can be said in mitigation.

The accused stands convicted of a spine-chilling murder committed in the most brutal manner to an unsuspecting 60 year old man. A senior citizen was robbed of his life by the accused's greed and love for material possessions. The meticulous planning and determination in achieving the unlawful enterprise increases the accused's moral blameworthiness.

The court should indeed express revulsion at people who violently take away the God-given and constitutionally enshrined right to life. The sanctity of the precious human life should not be understated at all.

What aggravates the offence further in this case is the fact that the accused was living a comfortable life and had no reason to take away another man's life. The manner in which the accused set out to murder and harvest body parts is indicative of a heartless and cruel mind. The offence was committed due to laziness and greed. The accused is a menace and danger to the society and his removal from circulation is certainly called for.

The accused stands convicted of a brutal and callous murder with actual intention in aggravatory circumstances warranting consideration of capital punishment.

However, I am alive to the ongoing debate on the death penalty and I am also alive to the need to seek to match the offence to the offender, while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

A sentence which will enable the accused to reflect on his conduct, while at the same time showing society that intentional and unlawful killing of others will not be treated leniently is appropriate.

In this case, having considered the circumstances of the murder, and having weighed mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors a sentence of life imprisonment is viewed as appropriate.

Accordingly, the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro First Offenders

The accused is found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the defence and counsel for the State.

We must hasten to mention, that, there is nothing much to consider as mitigatory given the brutal ritual-related murder the accused stands convicted of.

We have taken into consideration, that, the accused is a first offender who co-operated with the police.

Further, in mitigation, are the accused's personal circumstances. He is a young family man with dependants in the form of a wife and a 2 year old child. When the accused committed the offence he was 24 and he has been awaiting finalisation of this matter for about a year in custody. The pretrial incarceration is not an easy period because of anxiety.

That is all that can be said in mitigation.

The accused stands convicted of a spine-chilling murder committed in the most brutal manner to an unsuspecting 60 year old man. A senior citizen was robbed of his life by the accused's greed and love for material possessions. The meticulous planning and determination in achieving the unlawful enterprise increases the accused's moral blameworthiness.

The court should indeed express revulsion at people who violently take away the God-given and constitutionally enshrined right to life. The sanctity of the precious human life should not be understated at all.

What aggravates the offence further in this case is the fact that the accused was living a comfortable life and had no reason to take away another man's life. The manner in which the accused set out to murder and harvest body parts is indicative of a heartless and cruel mind. The offence was committed due to laziness and greed. The accused is a menace and danger to the society and his removal from circulation is certainly called for.

The accused stands convicted of a brutal and callous murder with actual intention in aggravatory circumstances warranting consideration of capital punishment.

However, I am alive to the ongoing debate on the death penalty and I am also alive to the need to seek to match the offence to the offender, while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

A sentence which will enable the accused to reflect on his conduct, while at the same time showing society that intentional and unlawful killing of others will not be treated leniently is appropriate.

In this case, having considered the circumstances of the murder, and having weighed mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors a sentence of life imprisonment is viewed as appropriate.

Accordingly, the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Juvenile and Youthful Offenders, Juvenile Justice & Administration of Corporal Punishment

The accused is found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the defence and counsel for the State.

We must hasten to mention, that, there is nothing much to consider as mitigatory given the brutal ritual-related murder the accused stands convicted of.

We have taken into consideration, that, the accused is a first offender who co-operated with the police.

Further, in mitigation, are the accused's personal circumstances. He is a young family man with dependants in the form of a wife and a 2 year old child. When the accused committed the offence he was 24 and he has been awaiting finalisation of this matter for about a year in custody. The pretrial incarceration is not an easy period because of anxiety.

That is all that can be said in mitigation.

The accused stands convicted of a spine-chilling murder committed in the most brutal manner to an unsuspecting 60 year old man. A senior citizen was robbed of his life by the accused's greed and love for material possessions. The meticulous planning and determination in achieving the unlawful enterprise increases the accused's moral blameworthiness.

The court should indeed express revulsion at people who violently take away the God-given and constitutionally enshrined right to life. The sanctity of the precious human life should not be understated at all.

What aggravates the offence further in this case is the fact that the accused was living a comfortable life and had no reason to take away another man's life. The manner in which the accused set out to murder and harvest body parts is indicative of a heartless and cruel mind. The offence was committed due to laziness and greed. The accused is a menace and danger to the society and his removal from circulation is certainly called for.

The accused stands convicted of a brutal and callous murder with actual intention in aggravatory circumstances warranting consideration of capital punishment.

However, I am alive to the ongoing debate on the death penalty and I am also alive to the need to seek to match the offence to the offender, while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

A sentence which will enable the accused to reflect on his conduct, while at the same time showing society that intentional and unlawful killing of others will not be treated leniently is appropriate.

In this case, having considered the circumstances of the murder, and having weighed mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors a sentence of life imprisonment is viewed as appropriate.

Accordingly, the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Incarceration Conditions and the Effect of Pre-trial Detention and Constitutional Rights Violations

The accused is found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the defence and counsel for the State.

We must hasten to mention, that, there is nothing much to consider as mitigatory given the brutal ritual-related murder the accused stands convicted of.

We have taken into consideration, that, the accused is a first offender who co-operated with the police.

Further, in mitigation, are the accused's personal circumstances. He is a young family man with dependants in the form of a wife and a 2 year old child. When the accused committed the offence he was 24 and he has been awaiting finalisation of this matter for about a year in custody. The pretrial incarceration is not an easy period because of anxiety.

That is all that can be said in mitigation.

The accused stands convicted of a spine-chilling murder committed in the most brutal manner to an unsuspecting 60 year old man. A senior citizen was robbed of his life by the accused's greed and love for material possessions. The meticulous planning and determination in achieving the unlawful enterprise increases the accused's moral blameworthiness.

The court should indeed express revulsion at people who violently take away the God-given and constitutionally enshrined right to life. The sanctity of the precious human life should not be understated at all.

What aggravates the offence further in this case is the fact that the accused was living a comfortable life and had no reason to take away another man's life. The manner in which the accused set out to murder and harvest body parts is indicative of a heartless and cruel mind. The offence was committed due to laziness and greed. The accused is a menace and danger to the society and his removal from circulation is certainly called for.

The accused stands convicted of a brutal and callous murder with actual intention in aggravatory circumstances warranting consideration of capital punishment.

However, I am alive to the ongoing debate on the death penalty and I am also alive to the need to seek to match the offence to the offender, while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

A sentence which will enable the accused to reflect on his conduct, while at the same time showing society that intentional and unlawful killing of others will not be treated leniently is appropriate.

In this case, having considered the circumstances of the murder, and having weighed mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors a sentence of life imprisonment is viewed as appropriate.

Accordingly, the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Approach to Sentencing, the Penalty Provision of a Statute and the Pre-Sentence Inquiry

The accused is found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the defence and counsel for the State.

We must hasten to mention, that, there is nothing much to consider as mitigatory given the brutal ritual-related murder the accused stands convicted of.

We have taken into consideration, that, the accused is a first offender who co-operated with the police.

Further, in mitigation, are the accused's personal circumstances. He is a young family man with dependants in the form of a wife and a 2 year old child. When the accused committed the offence he was 24 and he has been awaiting finalisation of this matter for about a year in custody. The pretrial incarceration is not an easy period because of anxiety.

That is all that can be said in mitigation.

The accused stands convicted of a spine-chilling murder committed in the most brutal manner to an unsuspecting 60 year old man. A senior citizen was robbed of his life by the accused's greed and love for material possessions. The meticulous planning and determination in achieving the unlawful enterprise increases the accused's moral blameworthiness.

The court should indeed express revulsion at people who violently take away the God-given and constitutionally enshrined right to life. The sanctity of the precious human life should not be understated at all.

What aggravates the offence further in this case is the fact that the accused was living a comfortable life and had no reason to take away another man's life. The manner in which the accused set out to murder and harvest body parts is indicative of a heartless and cruel mind. The offence was committed due to laziness and greed. The accused is a menace and danger to the society and his removal from circulation is certainly called for.

The accused stands convicted of a brutal and callous murder with actual intention in aggravatory circumstances warranting consideration of capital punishment.

However, I am alive to the ongoing debate on the death penalty and I am also alive to the need to seek to match the offence to the offender, while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

A sentence which will enable the accused to reflect on his conduct, while at the same time showing society that intentional and unlawful killing of others will not be treated leniently is appropriate.

In this case, having considered the circumstances of the murder, and having weighed mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors a sentence of life imprisonment is viewed as appropriate.

Accordingly, the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Incarceration ito Death Penalty, Death Row and the Constitutional Right to Life

The accused is found guilty of murder with actual intention as defined in section 47(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In passing sentence, we have considered all mitigatory and aggravatory factors submitted by counsel for the defence and counsel for the State.

We must hasten to mention, that, there is nothing much to consider as mitigatory given the brutal ritual-related murder the accused stands convicted of.

We have taken into consideration, that, the accused is a first offender who co-operated with the police.

Further, in mitigation, are the accused's personal circumstances. He is a young family man with dependants in the form of a wife and a 2 year old child. When the accused committed the offence he was 24 and he has been awaiting finalisation of this matter for about a year in custody. The pretrial incarceration is not an easy period because of anxiety.

That is all that can be said in mitigation.

The accused stands convicted of a spine-chilling murder committed in the most brutal manner to an unsuspecting 60 year old man. A senior citizen was robbed of his life by the accused's greed and love for material possessions. The meticulous planning and determination in achieving the unlawful enterprise increases the accused's moral blameworthiness.

The court should indeed express revulsion at people who violently take away the God-given and constitutionally enshrined right to life. The sanctity of the precious human life should not be understated at all.

What aggravates the offence further in this case is the fact that the accused was living a comfortable life and had no reason to take away another man's life. The manner in which the accused set out to murder and harvest body parts is indicative of a heartless and cruel mind. The offence was committed due to laziness and greed. The accused is a menace and danger to the society and his removal from circulation is certainly called for.

The accused stands convicted of a brutal and callous murder with actual intention in aggravatory circumstances warranting consideration of capital punishment.

However, I am alive to the ongoing debate on the death penalty and I am also alive to the need to seek to match the offence to the offender, while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

A sentence which will enable the accused to reflect on his conduct, while at the same time showing society that intentional and unlawful killing of others will not be treated leniently is appropriate.

In this case, having considered the circumstances of the murder, and having weighed mitigatory factors vis a vis aggravatory factors a sentence of life imprisonment is viewed as appropriate.

Accordingly, the accused is sentenced to life imprisonment.

Law Portal
Zimbabwe

HMT48-19 - THE STATE vs VICTOR DINGA

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching

Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

Documentary Evidence and the Authenticity of Questioned Documents re: Digital Evidence

Physical Evidence re: Approach

Police Investigations, Arrest, Search and Seizure With or Without a Warrant re: Approach

Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence & Defence of Necessity re: Retaliation or The Eye For An Eye Doctrine

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence, Defence of Property and the Defence of Necessity re: Approach

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation, Inferential Reasoning, Confessions & the Principle of Evidence Aliunde

Circumstantial Offenders

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence and the Defence of Necessity re: Socio-Economic Hardship

Warned and Cautioned Statements, Indications, Evidence Aliunde & Presumption of Clarity of Events Nearer Date of Event

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Provocation iro Witchcraft & Cultural Beliefs

Corroborative Evidence re: Approach and Principle that Lies Told By Accused Amount to Corroboration of State Witnesses

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence, Inferences, the Cardinal Rule of Logic and Evidentiary Concessions

Murder re: Murder with Actual Intent, Dolus Directus and Murder Committed in Aggravating Circumstances

Sentencing re: Circumstantial Offenders

Sentencing re: Murder iro Murder with Actual Intent, the Death Penalty and the Constitutional Right to Life

Sentencing re: Approach iro First Offenders

Sentencing re: Approach iro Juvenile and Youthful Offenders, Juvenile Justice & Administration of Corporal Punishment

Sentencing re: Approach iro Incarceration Conditions and the Effect of Pre-trial Detention and Constitutional Rights Violations

Sentencing re: Approach iro Approach to Sentencing, the Penalty Provision of a Statute and the Pre-Sentence Inquiry

Sentencing re: Approach iro Incarceration ito Death Penalty, Death Row and the Constitutional Right to Life

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HMT48-19 - THE STATE vs VICTOR DINGA

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