Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

Expert Evidence, Opinion Evidence and Toolmark Evidence re: Approach and the Limited Expert Knowledge of the Court

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage....,.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4....,.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation and Inferential Reasoning re: Key Witness, Eyewitness & Res Gestae

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

Corroborative Evidence re: Approach and Principle that Lies Told By Accused Amount to Corroboration of State Witnesses

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

The evidence of Byson Nendere and David Munapo, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

Defence Outline, State Outline re: Approach, Testimonial Discrepancies and Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

Hearsay Evidence, Res Gestae, the Dying Declaration & Informants Not Presenting Oral or Corroborative Evidence on Oath

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

Inadmissible Evidence re: Similar Fact Evidence and the Rule of Relevance

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

Evidence on Oath, Perjury, Submissions from the Bar & Evidence Derived from Previous, Concurrent or Civil Litigation

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Warned and Cautioned Statements, Indications, Evidence Aliunde & Presumption of Clarity of Events Nearer Date of Event

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Defence Outline, State Outline re: Approach, Testimonial Discrepancies and Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Irrelevant Evidence, Speculative Evidence, Character Evidence, Implausible or Improbable Evidence and Rule of Relevance

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

Indictment or Charge re: Charge Sheet, Framing of Charges, Essential Elements, Causation, Intention & Competent Verdict

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

The accused had consciously left his home armed with a knife which, according to him, would have become handy in case he met some muggers. It is the same knife that he resorted to use when a fight erupted between him and the deceased.

The question is whether the accused acted unlawfully and that he realized or ought reasonably to have realised that he was exceeding the bounds of self-defence and foresaw or ought to reasonably have foreseen the possibility of the resultant death.

If the answer is in the affirmative, basing on evidence adduced by the State proving the case beyond reasonable doubt, then, the accused is liable for the offence.

In this case, the evidence of State witnesses was well presented and the witnesses who were at the scene impressed us as truthful and reliable witnesses. They maintained their version, which, to a great extent, tallied with the accused's version, that, the fight between the two was over a girl.

The afterthought defence, of self-defence, cannot be sustained given all the requirements cannot be met.

The accused certainly exceeded the limits when he stabbed the unarmed deceased he was fighting within an open space.

Even if it were to be accepted, that, the deceased had companions in attendance; fear of being attacked by unarmed men, who have been shown not to be actively involved in the fight, would not warrant use of a knife.

The action taken was disproportionate to the perceived danger sought to be averted.

The crime of murder, faced by the accused, consists of unlawful and intentional killing of another human being.

In S v Kurongera HH267-17, HUNGWE J opinioned that:

“Where there is no expression of such intent, the law can infer such an intention from the accused's conduct and circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and conclude that such an intent existed in accused's mind.”

In this case, the accused cannot be said to have set out with an aim to kill, and proceeded to achieve his goal, but, he definitely went out armed with a knife ready to use, if attacked.

When involved in a fight, which he started, by poking the deceased, he consciously took the knife and stabbed the deceased in the neck severing the carotid artery.

Such conduct, of using a lethal weapon on another's delicate part of the body, gives the impression the accused had the requisite legal intention.

The accused is legally liable for the death of the deceased, and cannot escape conviction, for, he engaged in conduct of stabbing the deceased in circumstances where there was realisation that there was real risk or possibility that the conduct might cause death.

He is accordingly found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

The accused had consciously left his home armed with a knife which, according to him, would have become handy in case he met some muggers. It is the same knife that he resorted to use when a fight erupted between him and the deceased.

The question is whether the accused acted unlawfully and that he realized or ought reasonably to have realised that he was exceeding the bounds of self-defence and foresaw or ought to reasonably have foreseen the possibility of the resultant death.

If the answer is in the affirmative, basing on evidence adduced by the State proving the case beyond reasonable doubt, then, the accused is liable for the offence.

In this case, the evidence of State witnesses was well presented and the witnesses who were at the scene impressed us as truthful and reliable witnesses. They maintained their version, which, to a great extent, tallied with the accused's version, that, the fight between the two was over a girl.

The afterthought defence, of self-defence, cannot be sustained given all the requirements cannot be met.

The accused certainly exceeded the limits when he stabbed the unarmed deceased he was fighting within an open space.

Even if it were to be accepted, that, the deceased had companions in attendance; fear of being attacked by unarmed men, who have been shown not to be actively involved in the fight, would not warrant use of a knife.

The action taken was disproportionate to the perceived danger sought to be averted.

The crime of murder, faced by the accused, consists of unlawful and intentional killing of another human being.

In S v Kurongera HH267-17, HUNGWE J opinioned that:

“Where there is no expression of such intent, the law can infer such an intention from the accused's conduct and circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and conclude that such an intent existed in accused's mind.”

In this case, the accused cannot be said to have set out with an aim to kill, and proceeded to achieve his goal, but, he definitely went out armed with a knife ready to use, if attacked.

When involved in a fight, which he started, by poking the deceased, he consciously took the knife and stabbed the deceased in the neck severing the carotid artery.

Such conduct, of using a lethal weapon on another's delicate part of the body, gives the impression the accused had the requisite legal intention.

The accused is legally liable for the death of the deceased, and cannot escape conviction, for, he engaged in conduct of stabbing the deceased in circumstances where there was realisation that there was real risk or possibility that the conduct might cause death.

He is accordingly found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Defence of Abandonment, Claim of Right, Mistake of Fact or Law and Establishment of Mens Rea or Intention

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

The accused had consciously left his home armed with a knife which, according to him, would have become handy in case he met some muggers. It is the same knife that he resorted to use when a fight erupted between him and the deceased.

The question is whether the accused acted unlawfully and that he realized or ought reasonably to have realised that he was exceeding the bounds of self-defence and foresaw or ought to reasonably have foreseen the possibility of the resultant death.

If the answer is in the affirmative, basing on evidence adduced by the State proving the case beyond reasonable doubt, then, the accused is liable for the offence.

In this case, the evidence of State witnesses was well presented and the witnesses who were at the scene impressed us as truthful and reliable witnesses. They maintained their version, which, to a great extent, tallied with the accused's version, that, the fight between the two was over a girl.

The afterthought defence, of self-defence, cannot be sustained given all the requirements cannot be met.

The accused certainly exceeded the limits when he stabbed the unarmed deceased he was fighting within an open space.

Even if it were to be accepted, that, the deceased had companions in attendance; fear of being attacked by unarmed men, who have been shown not to be actively involved in the fight, would not warrant use of a knife.

The action taken was disproportionate to the perceived danger sought to be averted.

The crime of murder, faced by the accused, consists of unlawful and intentional killing of another human being.

In S v Kurongera HH267-17, HUNGWE J opinioned that:

“Where there is no expression of such intent, the law can infer such an intention from the accused's conduct and circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and conclude that such an intent existed in accused's mind.”

In this case, the accused cannot be said to have set out with an aim to kill, and proceeded to achieve his goal, but, he definitely went out armed with a knife ready to use, if attacked.

When involved in a fight, which he started, by poking the deceased, he consciously took the knife and stabbed the deceased in the neck severing the carotid artery.

Such conduct, of using a lethal weapon on another's delicate part of the body, gives the impression the accused had the requisite legal intention.

The accused is legally liable for the death of the deceased, and cannot escape conviction, for, he engaged in conduct of stabbing the deceased in circumstances where there was realisation that there was real risk or possibility that the conduct might cause death.

He is accordingly found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence, Defence of Property and the Defence of Necessity re: Approach

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

The accused had consciously left his home armed with a knife which, according to him, would have become handy in case he met some muggers. It is the same knife that he resorted to use when a fight erupted between him and the deceased.

The question is whether the accused acted unlawfully and that he realized or ought reasonably to have realised that he was exceeding the bounds of self-defence and foresaw or ought to reasonably have foreseen the possibility of the resultant death.

If the answer is in the affirmative, basing on evidence adduced by the State proving the case beyond reasonable doubt, then, the accused is liable for the offence.

In this case, the evidence of State witnesses was well presented and the witnesses who were at the scene impressed us as truthful and reliable witnesses. They maintained their version, which, to a great extent, tallied with the accused's version, that, the fight between the two was over a girl.

The afterthought defence, of self-defence, cannot be sustained given all the requirements cannot be met.

The accused certainly exceeded the limits when he stabbed the unarmed deceased he was fighting within an open space.

Even if it were to be accepted, that, the deceased had companions in attendance; fear of being attacked by unarmed men, who have been shown not to be actively involved in the fight, would not warrant use of a knife.

The action taken was disproportionate to the perceived danger sought to be averted.

The crime of murder, faced by the accused, consists of unlawful and intentional killing of another human being.

In S v Kurongera HH267-17, HUNGWE J opinioned that:

“Where there is no expression of such intent, the law can infer such an intention from the accused's conduct and circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and conclude that such an intent existed in accused's mind.”

In this case, the accused cannot be said to have set out with an aim to kill, and proceeded to achieve his goal, but, he definitely went out armed with a knife ready to use, if attacked.

When involved in a fight, which he started, by poking the deceased, he consciously took the knife and stabbed the deceased in the neck severing the carotid artery.

Such conduct, of using a lethal weapon on another's delicate part of the body, gives the impression the accused had the requisite legal intention.

The accused is legally liable for the death of the deceased, and cannot escape conviction, for, he engaged in conduct of stabbing the deceased in circumstances where there was realisation that there was real risk or possibility that the conduct might cause death.

He is accordingly found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence & Defence of Necessity re: Retaliation or The Eye For An Eye Doctrine

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

The accused had consciously left his home armed with a knife which, according to him, would have become handy in case he met some muggers. It is the same knife that he resorted to use when a fight erupted between him and the deceased.

The question is whether the accused acted unlawfully and that he realized or ought reasonably to have realised that he was exceeding the bounds of self-defence and foresaw or ought to reasonably have foreseen the possibility of the resultant death.

If the answer is in the affirmative, basing on evidence adduced by the State proving the case beyond reasonable doubt, then, the accused is liable for the offence.

In this case, the evidence of State witnesses was well presented and the witnesses who were at the scene impressed us as truthful and reliable witnesses. They maintained their version, which, to a great extent, tallied with the accused's version, that, the fight between the two was over a girl.

The afterthought defence, of self-defence, cannot be sustained given all the requirements cannot be met.

The accused certainly exceeded the limits when he stabbed the unarmed deceased he was fighting within an open space.

Even if it were to be accepted, that, the deceased had companions in attendance; fear of being attacked by unarmed men, who have been shown not to be actively involved in the fight, would not warrant use of a knife.

The action taken was disproportionate to the perceived danger sought to be averted.

The crime of murder, faced by the accused, consists of unlawful and intentional killing of another human being.

In S v Kurongera HH267-17, HUNGWE J opinioned that:

“Where there is no expression of such intent, the law can infer such an intention from the accused's conduct and circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and conclude that such an intent existed in accused's mind.”

In this case, the accused cannot be said to have set out with an aim to kill, and proceeded to achieve his goal, but, he definitely went out armed with a knife ready to use, if attacked.

When involved in a fight, which he started, by poking the deceased, he consciously took the knife and stabbed the deceased in the neck severing the carotid artery.

Such conduct, of using a lethal weapon on another's delicate part of the body, gives the impression the accused had the requisite legal intention.

The accused is legally liable for the death of the deceased, and cannot escape conviction, for, he engaged in conduct of stabbing the deceased in circumstances where there was realisation that there was real risk or possibility that the conduct might cause death.

He is accordingly found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence, Inferences, the Cardinal Rule of Logic and Evidentiary Concessions

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

The accused had consciously left his home armed with a knife which, according to him, would have become handy in case he met some muggers. It is the same knife that he resorted to use when a fight erupted between him and the deceased.

The question is whether the accused acted unlawfully and that he realized or ought reasonably to have realised that he was exceeding the bounds of self-defence and foresaw or ought to reasonably have foreseen the possibility of the resultant death.

If the answer is in the affirmative, basing on evidence adduced by the State proving the case beyond reasonable doubt, then, the accused is liable for the offence.

In this case, the evidence of State witnesses was well presented and the witnesses who were at the scene impressed us as truthful and reliable witnesses. They maintained their version, which, to a great extent, tallied with the accused's version, that, the fight between the two was over a girl.

The afterthought defence, of self-defence, cannot be sustained given all the requirements cannot be met.

The accused certainly exceeded the limits when he stabbed the unarmed deceased he was fighting within an open space.

Even if it were to be accepted, that, the deceased had companions in attendance; fear of being attacked by unarmed men, who have been shown not to be actively involved in the fight, would not warrant use of a knife.

The action taken was disproportionate to the perceived danger sought to be averted.

The crime of murder, faced by the accused, consists of unlawful and intentional killing of another human being.

In S v Kurongera HH267-17, HUNGWE J opinioned that:

“Where there is no expression of such intent, the law can infer such an intention from the accused's conduct and circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and conclude that such an intent existed in accused's mind.”

In this case, the accused cannot be said to have set out with an aim to kill, and proceeded to achieve his goal, but, he definitely went out armed with a knife ready to use, if attacked.

When involved in a fight, which he started, by poking the deceased, he consciously took the knife and stabbed the deceased in the neck severing the carotid artery.

Such conduct, of using a lethal weapon on another's delicate part of the body, gives the impression the accused had the requisite legal intention.

The accused is legally liable for the death of the deceased, and cannot escape conviction, for, he engaged in conduct of stabbing the deceased in circumstances where there was realisation that there was real risk or possibility that the conduct might cause death.

He is accordingly found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Murder re: Murder with Constructive Intent, Foreseeability Intention, Reckless Conduct or Dolus Eventualis

In this case, the accused pleaded not guilty to a charge of murder as defined in section 47(1)(a) or (b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] in which it is alleged, that, on 11 September 2018, at Gumtree Shop, Chitakatira Village, Chief Zimunya, Mutare the accused, with intent to kill, stabbed the deceased with a knife once on the right side of the neck thereby inflicting injuries from which the deceased bled profusely and succumbed to death due to massive haemorrhage.

The post mortem report prepared by Dr Forgiveness Chitungo concluded the cause of death and it was tendered as exhibit 4 by consent. The doctor concluded, that, the cause of death was exsanguination secondary to haemorrhage.

The accused, in his defence, does not dispute stabbing the deceased, but, denied stabbing the deceased with an intention to kill.

He raised a defence of self-defence and he explained that he feigned stabbing the deceased at the time he was under attack from the deceased and company.

The factual allegations in this case are largely common cause. The only issue that falls for determination is whether or not, when the accused stabbed the deceased, he was acting in self defence such as to negate the requisite mens rea to commit the crime of murder.

The State adduced evidence from a total of 12 witnesses. Only four witnesses, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo, Baison Nedyere, Letwin Mavoyo, and Shadrek Munapo gave viva voce evidence.

The rest of the witnesses evidence was formally admitted as it was on common cause aspects.

The undisputed facts are as follows:

1. On 11 September 2018, the accused proceeded to Gumtree Shopping Centre in possession of a knife carried in his pocket.

2. The accused met with the deceased, and others, at the shopping centre.

3. The accused and the deceased had issues of stalking the same girlfriend, one Miriam Chabikwa.

4. The deceased had issues with the accused after “Whatsapp message bragging about how accused snatched the girlfriend.”

5. It was clarified the accused had not sent any whatsapp message as clearly revealed he had not been on whatsapp line or connection for over 2 weeks back.

6. The accused challenged the deceased by getting in conduct with the chest and the deceased slapped the accused and the latter retaliated.

7. A scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased who had pushed each other to a dark place.

8. The deceased was stabbed on the neck and the carotid artery was severed.

9. The accused fled from the scene.

10. The deceased profusely bled and was pronounced dead upon arrival at Mutare Provincial Hospital where he had been referred by the sister in charge, Chitakatira Clinic, one Letwin Mavoyo.

I must point out, that, Dr Forgiveness Chitungo gave very clear evidence on the examination and preparation of the post-mortem report of the remains of the deceased.

He observed a 5cm laceration on the right side neck of the deceased. He further observed that the carotid artery was severed, and came up to the conclusion, that, death was as a result of exsanguination secondary to massive haemorrhage.

The doctor made it clear, that, the process of stopping blood oozing from a severed carotid artery was complex and would require use of special tools to plug the artery and this was not available at clinics like Chitakatira.

The doctor was unnecessarily subjected to what this court may term harassment on his experience and qualifications.

He never sought to portray himself as a specialist pathologist but was taken to task.

His report was clear on the history of the body he observed, and the observations he made.

The deceased was stabbed and he bled to death, or that he lost blood to levels incapable of sustaining life for himself.

Despite the unnecessary bruising and barraging cross-examination, the witness maintained his professional stance as he explained his observations, as recorded in the postmortem report, exhibit 4.

Given the accused's defence, it was not in dispute that the deceased died following the stab wound.

Letwin Mavayo's evidence was also very straight forward.

She is a nursing sister at Chitakatira Clinic. She only covered the wound with a bandage. According to her, at the time she attended the deceased, blood was no longer oozing out, but, the deceased's clothes were soaked in blood. Even at the place where he was seated, after being dropped off by a vehicle, there was a pool of blood.

The witness deduced, that, the deceased required hospital attention and thus referred the patient to Mutare Provincial Hospital.

The witness gave her evidence well. She took a barrage of unnecessary criticism from the defence counsel as regards how she carried out her duty.

The defence queried why she was not in the clinic after hours. The witness was on call and was within the hospital campus, and, as is expected, upon receiving an emergency, akin to “urgent matter” at court, she immediately attended.

Blood had been gushing from the scene of the stabbing at the shopping centre, a distance estimated by witnesses to be about 5km, and the flow had subsided at the time of reaching the hospital.

This decrease in blood flow, naturally, as elucidated by Dr Chitungo, is not because of treatment, but, that the blood contained in a human being is not infinite but an average quantity of about 5 litres.

The witness attended and referred the patient for specialised care.

There was no failure to timeously and professionally attend to the patient and administer treatment as suggested by the defence.

In so far as carrying out the duty of responding to call, and attending to a patient, the witness cannot be criticised. Her evidence was straightforward.

Byson Nendere also gave oral evidence.

He narrated how, on the day in question, the accused arrived at the shops. According to the witness, there was a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message. The issue involved a girlfriend common to the accused and the deceased. The witness was in the company of the deceased one James and David when checks were made. It was confirmed the accused had not sent the alleged whatsapp message as he was not online. It was then that the accused challenged the deceased.

The latter then slapped the accused and the accused retaliated.

The two grappled with each other in a dark place and then the deceased cried out he had been stabbed and injured. He fell to the ground.

The witness was not taken to task on what role he played, if any, during the scuffle.

It appears that he was at the scene and was assumed to have participated.

The witness, although he pointed out that the accused challenged all the people, saying there is nothing you can do to me, it was clear a scuffle ensued between the accused and the deceased.

David Munapo, a cousin brother to the accused, confirmed the sequence of events at the shopping centre as recounted by Byson Nendere.

After the check on whatsapp, his brother, the accused, challenged all people, including the deceased, saying they could do nothing to him. The accused actually physically poked the deceased's chest following which he was slapped and a scuffle ensued.

The witness pointed out that the two pushed each other and he later heard the deceased cry out as he had been stabbed.

The witness was just observing as he was taken aback by the accused's courage and challenge to the deceased who was much older than him. He wondered what it is the accused was riding on to have such courage.

The minor differences in the witness testimony and that of Byson Nendere is immaterial.

The incident occurred in the evening, at the shopping centre, and it was for a short while. The witnesses do not have to give evidence which is word for word with each other for them to be held credible.

On material aspects, the witnesses corroborate the State case.

The scuffle was between the accused and the deceased, even though the accused challenged the witnesses and the deceased - especially after verification that no whatsapp message had been sent. The issue was clearly between the accused and the deceased as the accused is said to have snatched away the deceased's girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa.

The minor discrepancies on distance during observation of the scuffle, one saying 3 metres and another saying 6–7 metres, and difference on when instruction to phone the police after being stabbed was given, are immaterial as they do not go to the root of the matter neither do they change the complexion of the matter.

The evidence of the witnesses, on what transpired, is clear, and both witnesses gave evidence well and in a truthful manner.

In the case of S v Lawrence and Ors 1989 (2) ZLR 29 (S) it was held:

“…, discrepancies in a case must be of such magnitude and value that they go to the root of that matter to such an extent that their presence would no doubt give a different complexion of the matter altogether.”

In casu, the variations on witnesses version about distance from the shop veranda to the secluded place are minor and do not change the common cause evidence that a misunderstanding over a whatsapp message about a common girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa degenerated into a challenge between the accused and the deceased.

During the scuffle, the two moved away by pushing each other to a dark place; following which the deceased sustained a stab wound.

The witnesses, Byson Nendere and David Munapo's evidence remained intact and they cannot be said to have been lying on common cause aspects.

The last witness who gave oral evidence is Shadreck Munapo, the father of the accused.

The witness, as correctly observed by defence counsel, did not witness the fraca at the Gumtree Shopping Centre neither did he witness the stabbing of the deceased.

His evidence was strictly “hearsay”.

As if that was not enough, the witness's evidence, that, prior to this day, the accused had sought to stab him, and, that, on that date, the accused threatened him, is inadmissible as it is similar fact evidence.

In any event, the witness oscillated from saying he was threatened on that day to saying it was on another day.

However, such evidence still has no relevance to the present case.

The witness had issues with the accused and the accused's mother, his wife, as he took offence with why the accused was legally represented.

When viewed in conjunction with the accused's evidence, there was no good or cordial relationship between the accused and the witness; as clearly, the accused was hostile to the fact, that, the father was living with another woman not his mother. The accused referred to that woman as a prostitute.

There was clearly tension between the accused and the witness.

The witness's evidence, in our view, was to a large extent inadmissible, prejudicial, and irrelevant to the matter beforehand.

It is accordingly expunged from the record or disregarded to that extent.

The accused maintained he took out the knife and feigned to stab the deceased in a bid to wade off an attack on himself by the deceased and his companions, who included Byson Nedyere and David Munapo.

In his evidence, however, the accused did not elaborate how he was attacked.

Both evidence in chief, and even during cross examination of witnesses, the detail of how he was attacked is missing.

Only in closing submissions is there emphasis that he was held and assaulted all over the body by more than three people and that is when he produced the knife to scare off his assailants.

Even in his confirmed warned and cautioned statement, exhibit 1, the accused's version is clear that he and the deceased, Blessing Mhondera, were fighting for a girlfriend, Miriam Chabikwa, when he stabbed the deceased.

Failure to give such detail in the confirmed warned and cautioned statement, and failure to give flesh and detail on the attack which he had to defend himself, and only emphasizing the defence in the Defence Outline and closing submissions taint the accused's version as an afterthought.

Even during cross-examination by the State counsel, the accused appeared to be taking a gamble on the suggested defence of self-defence as he was not firm on the defence.

The defence of self-defence, as provided for in section 253 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], clearly outlines requirements which have to be fulfilled in order for one to succeed.

An accused relying on the defence must prove, that, when he or she did or omitted to do the thing:

(i) The unlawful attack had commenced or was imminent;

(ii) His or her conduct was necessary to avert the unlawful attack or that he or she would not escape from or avert the attack;

(iii) The means used were reasonable in all circumstances; and

(iv) That any harm or injury caused by his or her conduct was caused to the attacker.

See S v Sibanda HB139-18; S v Manzanza HMA02-16; and S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17.

In S v Tafirei Runesu HMA37-17, MAFUSIRE J, in discussing the law on self defence pointed out that:

“A person who is a victim of an unlawful attack is entitled to resort to force to repel such an attack. Any harm or damage inflicted on the aggressor, in the course of such an attack, or when the attack is imminent, is lawful.”

See also S v Ncube SC58-17.

Central to this defence of self-defence is whether the harm caused to the attacker was reasonably necessary to avert the unlawful attack and that the means used were reasonable in the circumstances.

In casu, the accused, who challenged the deceased, was slapped by the deceased.

He fought back and the two engaged in a fight. There is no evidence that the deceased was armed; there was pushing and shoving by the two in an open space when the accused took out his knife.

His story or version, that he feigned to stab, given the nature of injuries sustained and the body part to which the blow was aimed, is not only unbelievable but false.

If it was mere producing of a knife, then, the question is: how then was the deceased stabbed with significant force?

The accused had consciously left his home armed with a knife which, according to him, would have become handy in case he met some muggers. It is the same knife that he resorted to use when a fight erupted between him and the deceased.

The question is whether the accused acted unlawfully and that he realized or ought reasonably to have realised that he was exceeding the bounds of self-defence and foresaw or ought to reasonably have foreseen the possibility of the resultant death.

If the answer is in the affirmative, basing on evidence adduced by the State proving the case beyond reasonable doubt, then, the accused is liable for the offence.

In this case, the evidence of State witnesses was well presented and the witnesses who were at the scene impressed us as truthful and reliable witnesses. They maintained their version, which, to a great extent, tallied with the accused's version, that, the fight between the two was over a girl.

The afterthought defence, of self-defence, cannot be sustained given all the requirements cannot be met.

The accused certainly exceeded the limits when he stabbed the unarmed deceased he was fighting within an open space.

Even if it were to be accepted, that, the deceased had companions in attendance; fear of being attacked by unarmed men, who have been shown not to be actively involved in the fight, would not warrant use of a knife.

The action taken was disproportionate to the perceived danger sought to be averted.

The crime of murder, faced by the accused, consists of unlawful and intentional killing of another human being.

In S v Kurongera HH267-17, HUNGWE J opinioned that:

“Where there is no expression of such intent, the law can infer such an intention from the accused's conduct and circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and conclude that such an intent existed in accused's mind.”

In this case, the accused cannot be said to have set out with an aim to kill, and proceeded to achieve his goal, but, he definitely went out armed with a knife ready to use, if attacked.

When involved in a fight, which he started, by poking the deceased, he consciously took the knife and stabbed the deceased in the neck severing the carotid artery.

Such conduct, of using a lethal weapon on another's delicate part of the body, gives the impression the accused had the requisite legal intention.

The accused is legally liable for the death of the deceased, and cannot escape conviction, for, he engaged in conduct of stabbing the deceased in circumstances where there was realisation that there was real risk or possibility that the conduct might cause death.

He is accordingly found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentencing re: Approach iro Approach to Sentencing, the Penalty Provision of a Statute and the Pre-Sentence Inquiry

It is important, in passing sentence, for all the circumstances to be considered and seek to match the offence to the offender while at the same time tempering justice with mercy....,.

The society has to get fair and just decisions so as to continue to have confidence in the justice delivery system.

Sentencing re: Murder iro Murder with Constructive Intent

The accused is..., found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In assessing sentence, we have taken into account all mitigatory factors and aggravatory factors submitted by the defence and State counsels.

The accused is a youthful first offender who committed the offence at the age of nineteen (19).

We have considered that the accused was affected by growing up in a broken family where sins of the father and mother were visited on him. The accused clearly lacked parental guidance as the father was not staying with him but staying at another home with another woman. The mother was away at her workplace.

We have also considered the background of the accused and the beliefs in witchcraft as reducing the moral blameworthiness; moreso, upon considering the attitude of the accused's father.

He took issue with the accused being legally represented, and, immediately after testifying, largely in a malicious way, sought to be excused to attend to his own business.

Such parenting, when given the age of the accused, clearly displays that the accused lacked parental guidance and love.

In aggravation, we have considered all submissions made by the State counsel.

Precious human life was needlessly lost over a petty issue. The accused indeed carried on like a bully as he posed to show his fiscal process, not only in snatching the deceased's girlfriend but physically assaulting and stabbing the deceased.

The accused used a lethal weapon, a knife, on a delicate part of the body, and cost the life of the complainant at a tender age.

That life can never be replaced.

After the commission of the offence, the accused went into hiding, and, such conduct is unacceptable.

It is important, in passing sentence, for all the circumstances to be considered and seek to match the offence to the offender while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

The maturity of the accused is quite central in mitigation and ought to be reflected by departure from lengthy imprisonment term.

However, the youthfulness should not be over-emphasized to the detriment of the justice delivery system.

The society has to get fair and just decisions so as to continue to have confidence in the justice delivery system.

An appropriate sentence, which reflects that the courts frown at use of violence on others, especially intentionally, occasioning death has to be passed. A custodial term is called for.

10 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Juvenile and Youthful Offenders, Juvenile Justice & Administration of Corporal Punishment

The accused is..., found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In assessing sentence, we have taken into account all mitigatory factors and aggravatory factors submitted by the defence and State counsels.

The accused is a youthful first offender who committed the offence at the age of nineteen (19).

We have considered that the accused was affected by growing up in a broken family where sins of the father and mother were visited on him. The accused clearly lacked parental guidance as the father was not staying with him but staying at another home with another woman. The mother was away at her workplace.

We have also considered the background of the accused and the beliefs in witchcraft as reducing the moral blameworthiness; moreso, upon considering the attitude of the accused's father.

He took issue with the accused being legally represented, and, immediately after testifying, largely in a malicious way, sought to be excused to attend to his own business.

Such parenting, when given the age of the accused, clearly displays that the accused lacked parental guidance and love.

In aggravation, we have considered all submissions made by the State counsel.

Precious human life was needlessly lost over a petty issue. The accused indeed carried on like a bully as he posed to show his fiscal process, not only in snatching the deceased's girlfriend but physically assaulting and stabbing the deceased.

The accused used a lethal weapon, a knife, on a delicate part of the body, and cost the life of the complainant at a tender age.

That life can never be replaced.

After the commission of the offence, the accused went into hiding, and, such conduct is unacceptable.

It is important, in passing sentence, for all the circumstances to be considered and seek to match the offence to the offender while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

The maturity of the accused is quite central in mitigation and ought to be reflected by departure from lengthy imprisonment term.

However, the youthfulness should not be over-emphasized to the detriment of the justice delivery system.

The society has to get fair and just decisions so as to continue to have confidence in the justice delivery system.

An appropriate sentence, which reflects that the courts frown at use of violence on others, especially intentionally, occasioning death has to be passed. A custodial term is called for.

10 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro First Offenders

The accused is..., found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In assessing sentence, we have taken into account all mitigatory factors and aggravatory factors submitted by the defence and State counsels.

The accused is a youthful first offender who committed the offence at the age of nineteen (19).

We have considered that the accused was affected by growing up in a broken family where sins of the father and mother were visited on him. The accused clearly lacked parental guidance as the father was not staying with him but staying at another home with another woman. The mother was away at her workplace.

We have also considered the background of the accused and the beliefs in witchcraft as reducing the moral blameworthiness; moreso, upon considering the attitude of the accused's father.

He took issue with the accused being legally represented, and, immediately after testifying, largely in a malicious way, sought to be excused to attend to his own business.

Such parenting, when given the age of the accused, clearly displays that the accused lacked parental guidance and love.

In aggravation, we have considered all submissions made by the State counsel.

Precious human life was needlessly lost over a petty issue. The accused indeed carried on like a bully as he posed to show his fiscal process, not only in snatching the deceased's girlfriend but physically assaulting and stabbing the deceased.

The accused used a lethal weapon, a knife, on a delicate part of the body, and cost the life of the complainant at a tender age.

That life can never be replaced.

After the commission of the offence, the accused went into hiding, and, such conduct is unacceptable.

It is important, in passing sentence, for all the circumstances to be considered and seek to match the offence to the offender while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

The maturity of the accused is quite central in mitigation and ought to be reflected by departure from lengthy imprisonment term.

However, the youthfulness should not be over-emphasized to the detriment of the justice delivery system.

The society has to get fair and just decisions so as to continue to have confidence in the justice delivery system.

An appropriate sentence, which reflects that the courts frown at use of violence on others, especially intentionally, occasioning death has to be passed. A custodial term is called for.

10 years imprisonment.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Co-Accused, Gender and Age Considerations & the Principle of Equality of Treatment

The accused is..., found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In assessing sentence, we have taken into account all mitigatory factors and aggravatory factors submitted by the defence and State counsels.

The accused is a youthful first offender who committed the offence at the age of nineteen (19).

We have considered that the accused was affected by growing up in a broken family where sins of the father and mother were visited on him. The accused clearly lacked parental guidance as the father was not staying with him but staying at another home with another woman. The mother was away at her workplace.

We have also considered the background of the accused and the beliefs in witchcraft as reducing the moral blameworthiness; moreso, upon considering the attitude of the accused's father.

He took issue with the accused being legally represented, and, immediately after testifying, largely in a malicious way, sought to be excused to attend to his own business.

Such parenting, when given the age of the accused, clearly displays that the accused lacked parental guidance and love.

In aggravation, we have considered all submissions made by the State counsel.

Precious human life was needlessly lost over a petty issue. The accused indeed carried on like a bully as he posed to show his fiscal process, not only in snatching the deceased's girlfriend but physically assaulting and stabbing the deceased.

The accused used a lethal weapon, a knife, on a delicate part of the body, and cost the life of the complainant at a tender age.

That life can never be replaced.

After the commission of the offence, the accused went into hiding, and, such conduct is unacceptable.

It is important, in passing sentence, for all the circumstances to be considered and seek to match the offence to the offender while at the same time tempering justice with mercy.

The maturity of the accused is quite central in mitigation and ought to be reflected by departure from lengthy imprisonment term.

However, the youthfulness should not be over-emphasized to the detriment of the justice delivery system.

The society has to get fair and just decisions so as to continue to have confidence in the justice delivery system.

An appropriate sentence, which reflects that the courts frown at use of violence on others, especially intentionally, occasioning death has to be passed. A custodial term is called for.

10 years imprisonment.

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Provocation iro Witchcraft & Cultural Beliefs

The accused is..., found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In assessing sentence, we have taken into account all mitigatory factors and aggravatory factors submitted by the defence and State counsels....,.

We have also considered the background of the accused and the beliefs in witchcraft as reducing the moral blameworthiness;...,.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Extenuating Circumstances, Assessment of Blameworthiness & Effect on Mandatory Sentences

The accused is..., found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In assessing sentence, we have taken into account all mitigatory factors and aggravatory factors submitted by the defence and State counsels....,.

We have also considered the background of the accused and the beliefs in witchcraft as reducing the moral blameworthiness;...,.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Contritional Compensation & Conduct of Accused Ex Post Facto Commission of the Offence

The accused is..., found guilty of murder as defined in section 47(1)(b) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

Sentence

In assessing sentence, we have taken into account all mitigatory factors and aggravatory factors submitted by the defence and State counsels....,.

After the commission of the offence, the accused went into hiding, and, such conduct is unacceptable.

Law Portal
Zimbabwe

HMT43-19 - THE STATE vs MICHAEL MUNAPO

Corroborative Evidence re: Admissions, Unchallenged Evidence, Right to Examine Witnesses & Audi Alteram Partem Rule

Expert Evidence, Opinion Evidence and Toolmark Evidence re: Approach and the Limited Expert Knowledge of the Court

Direct and Circumstantial Evidence, Causation and Inferential Reasoning re: Key Witness, Eyewitness & Res Gestae

Corroborative Evidence re: Approach and Principle that Lies Told By Accused Amount to Corroboration of State Witnesses

Findings of Fact re: Witness Testimony, Candidness with the Court and Deceptive or Misleading Evidence

Defence Outline, State Outline re: Approach, Testimonial Discrepancies and Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence

Hearsay Evidence, Res Gestae, the Dying Declaration & Informants Not Presenting Oral or Corroborative Evidence on Oath

Inadmissible Evidence re: Similar Fact Evidence and the Rule of Relevance

Corroborative Evidence re: Pervasive or Undue Influence, Partisan Evidence, Prejudicial Evidence and Witness Coaching

Evidence on Oath, Perjury, Submissions from the Bar & Evidence Derived from Previous, Concurrent or Civil Litigation

Warned and Cautioned Statements, Indications, Evidence Aliunde & Presumption of Clarity of Events Nearer Date of Event

Defence Outline, State Outline re: Approach, Testimonial Discrepancies and Prevaricative or Inconsistent Evidence

Irrelevant Evidence, Speculative Evidence, Character Evidence, Implausible or Improbable Evidence and Rule of Relevance

Indictment or Charge re: Charge Sheet, Framing of Charges, Essential Elements, Causation, Intention & Competent Verdict

Murder and Permissible or Competent Verdicts re: Approach, Intent, Motive, Corpse, Cause of Death & Inquest Proceedings

Defence of Abandonment, Claim of Right, Mistake of Fact or Law and Establishment of Mens Rea or Intention

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence, Defence of Property and the Defence of Necessity re: Approach

Defence of Person, Self Defence, Private Defence & Defence of Necessity re: Retaliation or The Eye For An Eye Doctrine

Findings of Fact re: Assessment of Evidence, Inferences, the Cardinal Rule of Logic and Evidentiary Concessions

Murder re: Murder with Constructive Intent, Foreseeability Intention, Reckless Conduct or Dolus Eventualis

Sentencing re: Approach iro Approach to Sentencing, the Penalty Provision of a Statute and the Pre-Sentence Inquiry

Sentencing re: Murder iro Murder with Constructive Intent

Sentencing re: Approach iro Juvenile and Youthful Offenders, Juvenile Justice & Administration of Corporal Punishment

Sentencing re: Approach iro First Offenders

Sentencing re: Approach iro Co-Accused, Gender and Age Considerations & the Principle of Equality of Treatment

Defence of Diminished Mental Responsibility or Diminished Capacity re: Provocation iro Witchcraft & Cultural Beliefs

Sentencing re: Approach iro Extenuating Circumstances, Assessment of Blameworthiness & Effect on Mandatory Sentences

Sentencing re: Approach iro Contritional Compensation & Conduct of Accused Ex Post Facto Commission of the Offence

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HMT43-19 - THE STATE vs MICHAEL MUNAPO

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