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HB52-15 - LEVISON MHOSVA and TAZVITYA MUDZINGWA and LUCKSON KWANGWARI vs THE STATE

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Procedural Law-viz appeal re notice of appeal iro multiple accused persons.
Extortion-viz section 134 of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].
Sentencing-viz extortion.
Sentencing-viz compensatory orders.
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re evidence of identification.
Common Purpose-viz extortion.
Extortion-viz the doctrine of common purpose.
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re evidence of identification iro the doctrine of common purpose.
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re hostile witness.
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re findings of fact iro concessions between counsel.
Procedural Law-viz rules of evidence re findings of fact iro agreements between counsel.
Procedural Law-viz appeal re concession of an appeal by the State.

Appeal and Leave to Appeal re: Approach, Notice and Grounds of Appeal iro Multiple Litigants


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

Extortion


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

In the facts before us, the deceased, who is a relative of the second appellant, died, and, at the time of her death, she was with the appellant's side of the family. She was, nonetheless, married to the complainant's side of the family during her lifetime. Upon her death, the appellant's side of the family took her body and ferried it to the complainant's side of the family and left it there.

Aynos Chigombe was the first to testify and he said, that, he had been phoned whilst he was in Masvingo and he was told that “a corpse had been left at our homestead.”…,.

He then instructed the people to inform the police so that the corpse would be taken to a mortuary (obviously the police were involved because the situation obtaining was abnormal). He also told the court that they later went to their in-laws, accompanied by three police officers; they talked and agreed. They asked what should happen, and they (inlaws) said they needed five beasts and $500 in order to bury the deceased…,.

He said they asked to go back to their elders to consult them on whether what the in-laws needed could be found; (this shows that they were not even ready with the form of compensation that was needed).

They then gathered the beasts from different relatives who chipped in with different things ie in the form of beasts and money. He said that the contributions were to pave way for the burial….,.

They did not make a report to the police, but, were later informed that the deceased's relatives had been arrested as the agreement the parties had reached, that burial would not take place before the beasts arrived, was an offence.

He said that the deceased's body had been left by a kombi and another black car, but he did not know who exactly left the corpse.

He then said that: “we did not volunteer to pay because we had nothing; we all wanted to please our inlaws with the things we did not have.”…,.

The second appellant, in his cross-examination of this witness, asked if whether the witness came with the police, they were pressurised or ill-treated, to which the witness replied in the negative.

The cross examination of this witness, by the second appellant, shows that he was part and parcel of the crew that discussed the issue of payment prior to the deceased being buried as he asked such questions as:

“Q: Does that not show that we were understanding each other?

Q: Did you not request us to bring our daughter?”

The second State witness, Mukungunugwa Esau, told the court, that, Accused Two, who is the appellant, was the spokesperson for the group and that they had said they wanted to see payment first before burial….,.

The prosecutor, in examination in chief, asked him the following question:

“Q: What were the consequences if you paid nothing?

A: The deceased was not going to be buried.”

This witness further told the court that:

“We did not voluntarily pay them. If that was the case, the deceased should have been buried on a Wednesday.”

Accused Two (who is the second appellant), in cross-examination of this witness, asked the following question:

“Q: Is it correct that we forced you to pay?

A: Yes. This is because you gave a condition that we have to pay before burial takes place.”

Samuel Munyuki told the court that Accused Two (who is the second appellant in this case) came with a commuter omnibus and another black car - they were carrying the deceased.

He further continued, that, the accused persons had a group of about fifteen with them and that four people carried the corpse and left it on the passage, covered with a metal sheet.

He also said that they then came to his homestead carrying an infant that was left behind by the deceased and that the three accused persons were part of this group.

Under cross-examination by the second accused person (who is the second appellant) the witness was adamant that he had seen the second appellant and, that, in fact, he knew him well and that he is a police officer who he came to know when he was staying at Ross Camp in Bulawayo. He also confirmed that they had met before at Madamombe Township. He confirmed that he saw the three dumping the corpse (including the second appellant).

Gracious Hwera was the next State witness and she told the court that she saw Accused One and Two ferrying the corpse from the kombi. She told the court that the small vehicle was being driven by Accused Two who is the second appellant.

Nothing much turned on the cross-examination of this witness by the second appellant.

Although Onias Machida, the next State witness, seemed to be hostile, he, nonetheless, confirmed that the beasts arrived before the corpse and also that the deceased's body had gone bad.

Joshua Chigova, another hostile witness, told the court that the burial occurred at 11pm.

From the aforestated contents of the court record, it is clear that the deceased's body was taken to the Chigombes and left there. It is also clear that payment was a condition for the burial to take place, causing the Chigombes to run around and put together, from different relatives, beasts and some money so as to please their in-laws.

It is also clear, that, the second appellant was part and parcel of this whole transaction and that he was present at all material times. It is also evident, that, he championed the negotiations that were held to the effect that payment should be made upfront prior to burial.

In our view, the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], were satisfied by the facts of this case, as against the second appellant, beyond any reasonable doubt.

We say so because section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act gives two series of conduct that constitute extortion;

(i) Its either the accused deposits a corpse in premises occupied by another; OR

(ii) Hinders OR prevents the burial of the deceased person's body so as to induce payment.

The action of depositing the corpse to induce payment prior to burial is in itself extortion. Also, the action of hindering burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Also, the action of preventing burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Not only did the appellant partake in the deposit of the corpse, as per the State witnesses testimony, but, he also hindered or prevented burial prior to payment as he clearly was heading the delegation that did the payment negotiations prior to burial.

Aynos Chigombe and Esau Mukungunugwa told the court, clearly, that, they did not pay voluntarily and that they did not even have the beasts and cash demanded, but that they had to pay to pave way for the burial.

There is no volition here; whatever “agreement” was reached under such circumstances is no agreement at all.

The Chigombes had a corpse dumped at their homestead; they had to comply with the conditions that were set by the Mhosvas prior to the burial; what choice did they have? What freedom did they have?

None.

It is our finding, that, the second appellant, and others, by conduct, did cause the Chigombes to comply with their demands through pressure.

Pressure can be by conduct.

The conduct of dumping the corpse, in itself, would pressurize the Chigombes into action. The condition that payment had to be made prior to burial did exert pressure on the Chigombes.

It is accordingly our view, that, all the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) were met by the evidence on record - even as against the second appellant.

It is for these reasons that we did not accept the concessions made by the State counsel as we were of the view that they were not properly made.

The sentence given does not warrant any intervention by this court.

We accordingly dismiss the appeal in its entirety.

Sentencing re: Extortion


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

In the facts before us, the deceased, who is a relative of the second appellant, died, and, at the time of her death, she was with the appellant's side of the family. She was, nonetheless, married to the complainant's side of the family during her lifetime. Upon her death, the appellant's side of the family took her body and ferried it to the complainant's side of the family and left it there.

Aynos Chigombe was the first to testify and he said, that, he had been phoned whilst he was in Masvingo and he was told that “a corpse had been left at our homestead.”…,.

He then instructed the people to inform the police so that the corpse would be taken to a mortuary (obviously the police were involved because the situation obtaining was abnormal). He also told the court that they later went to their in-laws, accompanied by three police officers; they talked and agreed. They asked what should happen, and they (inlaws) said they needed five beasts and $500 in order to bury the deceased…,.

He said they asked to go back to their elders to consult them on whether what the in-laws needed could be found; (this shows that they were not even ready with the form of compensation that was needed).

They then gathered the beasts from different relatives who chipped in with different things ie in the form of beasts and money. He said that the contributions were to pave way for the burial….,.

They did not make a report to the police, but, were later informed that the deceased's relatives had been arrested as the agreement the parties had reached, that burial would not take place before the beasts arrived, was an offence.

He said that the deceased's body had been left by a kombi and another black car, but he did not know who exactly left the corpse.

He then said that: “we did not volunteer to pay because we had nothing; we all wanted to please our inlaws with the things we did not have.”…,.

The second appellant, in his cross-examination of this witness, asked if whether the witness came with the police, they were pressurised or ill-treated, to which the witness replied in the negative.

The cross examination of this witness, by the second appellant, shows that he was part and parcel of the crew that discussed the issue of payment prior to the deceased being buried as he asked such questions as:

“Q: Does that not show that we were understanding each other?

Q: Did you not request us to bring our daughter?”

The second State witness, Mukungunugwa Esau, told the court, that, Accused Two, who is the appellant, was the spokesperson for the group and that they had said they wanted to see payment first before burial….,.

The prosecutor, in examination in chief, asked him the following question:

“Q: What were the consequences if you paid nothing?

A: The deceased was not going to be buried.”

This witness further told the court that:

“We did not voluntarily pay them. If that was the case, the deceased should have been buried on a Wednesday.”

Accused Two (who is the second appellant), in cross-examination of this witness, asked the following question:

“Q: Is it correct that we forced you to pay?

A: Yes. This is because you gave a condition that we have to pay before burial takes place.”

Samuel Munyuki told the court that Accused Two (who is the second appellant in this case) came with a commuter omnibus and another black car - they were carrying the deceased.

He further continued, that, the accused persons had a group of about fifteen with them and that four people carried the corpse and left it on the passage, covered with a metal sheet.

He also said that they then came to his homestead carrying an infant that was left behind by the deceased and that the three accused persons were part of this group.

Under cross-examination by the second accused person (who is the second appellant) the witness was adamant that he had seen the second appellant and, that, in fact, he knew him well and that he is a police officer who he came to know when he was staying at Ross Camp in Bulawayo. He also confirmed that they had met before at Madamombe Township. He confirmed that he saw the three dumping the corpse (including the second appellant).

Gracious Hwera was the next State witness and she told the court that she saw Accused One and Two ferrying the corpse from the kombi. She told the court that the small vehicle was being driven by Accused Two who is the second appellant.

Nothing much turned on the cross-examination of this witness by the second appellant.

Although Onias Machida, the next State witness, seemed to be hostile, he, nonetheless, confirmed that the beasts arrived before the corpse and also that the deceased's body had gone bad.

Joshua Chigova, another hostile witness, told the court that the burial occurred at 11pm.

From the aforestated contents of the court record, it is clear that the deceased's body was taken to the Chigombes and left there. It is also clear that payment was a condition for the burial to take place, causing the Chigombes to run around and put together, from different relatives, beasts and some money so as to please their in-laws.

It is also clear, that, the second appellant was part and parcel of this whole transaction and that he was present at all material times. It is also evident, that, he championed the negotiations that were held to the effect that payment should be made upfront prior to burial.

In our view, the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], were satisfied by the facts of this case, as against the second appellant, beyond any reasonable doubt.

We say so because section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act gives two series of conduct that constitute extortion;

(i) Its either the accused deposits a corpse in premises occupied by another; OR

(ii) Hinders OR prevents the burial of the deceased person's body so as to induce payment.

The action of depositing the corpse to induce payment prior to burial is in itself extortion. Also, the action of hindering burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Also, the action of preventing burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Not only did the appellant partake in the deposit of the corpse, as per the State witnesses testimony, but, he also hindered or prevented burial prior to payment as he clearly was heading the delegation that did the payment negotiations prior to burial.

Aynos Chigombe and Esau Mukungunugwa told the court, clearly, that, they did not pay voluntarily and that they did not even have the beasts and cash demanded, but that they had to pay to pave way for the burial.

There is no volition here; whatever “agreement” was reached under such circumstances is no agreement at all.

The Chigombes had a corpse dumped at their homestead; they had to comply with the conditions that were set by the Mhosvas prior to the burial; what choice did they have? What freedom did they have?

None.

It is our finding, that, the second appellant, and others, by conduct, did cause the Chigombes to comply with their demands through pressure.

Pressure can be by conduct.

The conduct of dumping the corpse, in itself, would pressurize the Chigombes into action. The condition that payment had to be made prior to burial did exert pressure on the Chigombes.

It is accordingly our view, that, all the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) were met by the evidence on record - even as against the second appellant.

It is for these reasons that we did not accept the concessions made by the State counsel as we were of the view that they were not properly made.

The sentence given does not warrant any intervention by this court.

We accordingly dismiss the appeal in its entirety.

Sentencing re: Approach iro Compensatory Orders or Restitution


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

Rules of Construction or Interpretation re: Retrospective Construction and Effect of Ex Post Facto or Repealed Laws


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

Final Orders re: Composition of Bench iro Precedents, Stare Decisis, Obiter Dictum, Ratio Decidendi & Judicial Lag


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

Evidence of Identification, Identification Parade, Tool Mark Evidence, Alias, Evidence Aliunde & the Defence of Alibi


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

In the facts before us, the deceased, who is a relative of the second appellant, died, and, at the time of her death, she was with the appellant's side of the family. She was, nonetheless, married to the complainant's side of the family during her lifetime. Upon her death, the appellant's side of the family took her body and ferried it to the complainant's side of the family and left it there.

Aynos Chigombe was the first to testify and he said, that, he had been phoned whilst he was in Masvingo and he was told that “a corpse had been left at our homestead.”…,.

He then instructed the people to inform the police so that the corpse would be taken to a mortuary (obviously the police were involved because the situation obtaining was abnormal). He also told the court that they later went to their in-laws, accompanied by three police officers; they talked and agreed. They asked what should happen, and they (inlaws) said they needed five beasts and $500 in order to bury the deceased…,.

He said they asked to go back to their elders to consult them on whether what the in-laws needed could be found; (this shows that they were not even ready with the form of compensation that was needed).

They then gathered the beasts from different relatives who chipped in with different things ie in the form of beasts and money. He said that the contributions were to pave way for the burial….,.

They did not make a report to the police, but, were later informed that the deceased's relatives had been arrested as the agreement the parties had reached, that burial would not take place before the beasts arrived, was an offence.

He said that the deceased's body had been left by a kombi and another black car, but he did not know who exactly left the corpse.

He then said that: “we did not volunteer to pay because we had nothing; we all wanted to please our inlaws with the things we did not have.”…,.

The second appellant, in his cross-examination of this witness, asked if whether the witness came with the police, they were pressurised or ill-treated, to which the witness replied in the negative.

The cross examination of this witness, by the second appellant, shows that he was part and parcel of the crew that discussed the issue of payment prior to the deceased being buried as he asked such questions as:

“Q: Does that not show that we were understanding each other?

Q: Did you not request us to bring our daughter?”

The second State witness, Mukungunugwa Esau, told the court, that, Accused Two, who is the appellant, was the spokesperson for the group and that they had said they wanted to see payment first before burial….,.

The prosecutor, in examination in chief, asked him the following question:

“Q: What were the consequences if you paid nothing?

A: The deceased was not going to be buried.”

This witness further told the court that:

“We did not voluntarily pay them. If that was the case, the deceased should have been buried on a Wednesday.”

Accused Two (who is the second appellant), in cross-examination of this witness, asked the following question:

“Q: Is it correct that we forced you to pay?

A: Yes. This is because you gave a condition that we have to pay before burial takes place.”

Samuel Munyuki told the court that Accused Two (who is the second appellant in this case) came with a commuter omnibus and another black car - they were carrying the deceased.

He further continued, that, the accused persons had a group of about fifteen with them and that four people carried the corpse and left it on the passage, covered with a metal sheet.

He also said that they then came to his homestead carrying an infant that was left behind by the deceased and that the three accused persons were part of this group.

Under cross-examination by the second accused person (who is the second appellant) the witness was adamant that he had seen the second appellant and, that, in fact, he knew him well and that he is a police officer who he came to know when he was staying at Ross Camp in Bulawayo. He also confirmed that they had met before at Madamombe Township. He confirmed that he saw the three dumping the corpse (including the second appellant).

Gracious Hwera was the next State witness and she told the court that she saw Accused One and Two ferrying the corpse from the kombi. She told the court that the small vehicle was being driven by Accused Two who is the second appellant.

Nothing much turned on the cross-examination of this witness by the second appellant.

Although Onias Machida, the next State witness, seemed to be hostile, he, nonetheless, confirmed that the beasts arrived before the corpse and also that the deceased's body had gone bad.

Joshua Chigova, another hostile witness, told the court that the burial occurred at 11pm.

From the aforestated contents of the court record, it is clear that the deceased's body was taken to the Chigombes and left there. It is also clear that payment was a condition for the burial to take place, causing the Chigombes to run around and put together, from different relatives, beasts and some money so as to please their in-laws.

It is also clear, that, the second appellant was part and parcel of this whole transaction and that he was present at all material times. It is also evident, that, he championed the negotiations that were held to the effect that payment should be made upfront prior to burial.

In our view, the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], were satisfied by the facts of this case, as against the second appellant, beyond any reasonable doubt.

We say so because section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act gives two series of conduct that constitute extortion;

(i) Its either the accused deposits a corpse in premises occupied by another; OR

(ii) Hinders OR prevents the burial of the deceased person's body so as to induce payment.

The action of depositing the corpse to induce payment prior to burial is in itself extortion. Also, the action of hindering burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Also, the action of preventing burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Not only did the appellant partake in the deposit of the corpse, as per the State witnesses testimony, but, he also hindered or prevented burial prior to payment as he clearly was heading the delegation that did the payment negotiations prior to burial.

Aynos Chigombe and Esau Mukungunugwa told the court, clearly, that, they did not pay voluntarily and that they did not even have the beasts and cash demanded, but that they had to pay to pave way for the burial.

There is no volition here; whatever “agreement” was reached under such circumstances is no agreement at all.

The Chigombes had a corpse dumped at their homestead; they had to comply with the conditions that were set by the Mhosvas prior to the burial; what choice did they have? What freedom did they have?

None.

It is our finding, that, the second appellant, and others, by conduct, did cause the Chigombes to comply with their demands through pressure.

Pressure can be by conduct.

The conduct of dumping the corpse, in itself, would pressurize the Chigombes into action. The condition that payment had to be made prior to burial did exert pressure on the Chigombes.

It is accordingly our view, that, all the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) were met by the evidence on record - even as against the second appellant.

It is for these reasons that we did not accept the concessions made by the State counsel as we were of the view that they were not properly made.

The sentence given does not warrant any intervention by this court.

We accordingly dismiss the appeal in its entirety.

Findings of Fact re: Concessions or Agreements Between Counsel and the Abandonment of Concessions or Agreements


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

In the facts before us, the deceased, who is a relative of the second appellant, died, and, at the time of her death, she was with the appellant's side of the family. She was, nonetheless, married to the complainant's side of the family during her lifetime. Upon her death, the appellant's side of the family took her body and ferried it to the complainant's side of the family and left it there.

Aynos Chigombe was the first to testify and he said, that, he had been phoned whilst he was in Masvingo and he was told that “a corpse had been left at our homestead.”…,.

He then instructed the people to inform the police so that the corpse would be taken to a mortuary (obviously the police were involved because the situation obtaining was abnormal). He also told the court that they later went to their in-laws, accompanied by three police officers; they talked and agreed. They asked what should happen, and they (inlaws) said they needed five beasts and $500 in order to bury the deceased…,.

He said they asked to go back to their elders to consult them on whether what the in-laws needed could be found; (this shows that they were not even ready with the form of compensation that was needed).

They then gathered the beasts from different relatives who chipped in with different things ie in the form of beasts and money. He said that the contributions were to pave way for the burial….,.

They did not make a report to the police, but, were later informed that the deceased's relatives had been arrested as the agreement the parties had reached, that burial would not take place before the beasts arrived, was an offence.

He said that the deceased's body had been left by a kombi and another black car, but he did not know who exactly left the corpse.

He then said that: “we did not volunteer to pay because we had nothing; we all wanted to please our inlaws with the things we did not have.”…,.

The second appellant, in his cross-examination of this witness, asked if whether the witness came with the police, they were pressurised or ill-treated, to which the witness replied in the negative.

The cross examination of this witness, by the second appellant, shows that he was part and parcel of the crew that discussed the issue of payment prior to the deceased being buried as he asked such questions as:

“Q: Does that not show that we were understanding each other?

Q: Did you not request us to bring our daughter?”

The second State witness, Mukungunugwa Esau, told the court, that, Accused Two, who is the appellant, was the spokesperson for the group and that they had said they wanted to see payment first before burial….,.

The prosecutor, in examination in chief, asked him the following question:

“Q: What were the consequences if you paid nothing?

A: The deceased was not going to be buried.”

This witness further told the court that:

“We did not voluntarily pay them. If that was the case, the deceased should have been buried on a Wednesday.”

Accused Two (who is the second appellant), in cross-examination of this witness, asked the following question:

“Q: Is it correct that we forced you to pay?

A: Yes. This is because you gave a condition that we have to pay before burial takes place.”

Samuel Munyuki told the court that Accused Two (who is the second appellant in this case) came with a commuter omnibus and another black car - they were carrying the deceased.

He further continued, that, the accused persons had a group of about fifteen with them and that four people carried the corpse and left it on the passage, covered with a metal sheet.

He also said that they then came to his homestead carrying an infant that was left behind by the deceased and that the three accused persons were part of this group.

Under cross-examination by the second accused person (who is the second appellant) the witness was adamant that he had seen the second appellant and, that, in fact, he knew him well and that he is a police officer who he came to know when he was staying at Ross Camp in Bulawayo. He also confirmed that they had met before at Madamombe Township. He confirmed that he saw the three dumping the corpse (including the second appellant).

Gracious Hwera was the next State witness and she told the court that she saw Accused One and Two ferrying the corpse from the kombi. She told the court that the small vehicle was being driven by Accused Two who is the second appellant.

Nothing much turned on the cross-examination of this witness by the second appellant.

Although Onias Machida, the next State witness, seemed to be hostile, he, nonetheless, confirmed that the beasts arrived before the corpse and also that the deceased's body had gone bad.

Joshua Chigova, another hostile witness, told the court that the burial occurred at 11pm.

From the aforestated contents of the court record, it is clear that the deceased's body was taken to the Chigombes and left there. It is also clear that payment was a condition for the burial to take place, causing the Chigombes to run around and put together, from different relatives, beasts and some money so as to please their in-laws.

It is also clear, that, the second appellant was part and parcel of this whole transaction and that he was present at all material times. It is also evident, that, he championed the negotiations that were held to the effect that payment should be made upfront prior to burial.

In our view, the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], were satisfied by the facts of this case, as against the second appellant, beyond any reasonable doubt.

We say so because section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act gives two series of conduct that constitute extortion;

(i) Its either the accused deposits a corpse in premises occupied by another; OR

(ii) Hinders OR prevents the burial of the deceased person's body so as to induce payment.

The action of depositing the corpse to induce payment prior to burial is in itself extortion. Also, the action of hindering burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Also, the action of preventing burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Not only did the appellant partake in the deposit of the corpse, as per the State witnesses testimony, but, he also hindered or prevented burial prior to payment as he clearly was heading the delegation that did the payment negotiations prior to burial.

Aynos Chigombe and Esau Mukungunugwa told the court, clearly, that, they did not pay voluntarily and that they did not even have the beasts and cash demanded, but that they had to pay to pave way for the burial.

There is no volition here; whatever “agreement” was reached under such circumstances is no agreement at all.

The Chigombes had a corpse dumped at their homestead; they had to comply with the conditions that were set by the Mhosvas prior to the burial; what choice did they have? What freedom did they have?

None.

It is our finding, that, the second appellant, and others, by conduct, did cause the Chigombes to comply with their demands through pressure.

Pressure can be by conduct.

The conduct of dumping the corpse, in itself, would pressurize the Chigombes into action. The condition that payment had to be made prior to burial did exert pressure on the Chigombes.

It is accordingly our view, that, all the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) were met by the evidence on record - even as against the second appellant.

It is for these reasons that we did not accept the concessions made by the State counsel as we were of the view that they were not properly made.

The sentence given does not warrant any intervention by this court.

We accordingly dismiss the appeal in its entirety.

Appeal and Leave to Appeal re: Approach, Notice, Grounds and Right of Appeal, Concession & Withdrawal of Appeal by State


The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the Notice of Appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact, that, the body of the deceased, Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative), had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400 or 3 months imprisonment. In addition, the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats, and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence, the second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were, that, the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence, the second appellant averred, that, the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

PROFESSOR G FELTOE, in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act 2004, states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code):

“Where, for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion, or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.”…,.

It is clear from this phrase, that, the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but, the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellant's family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled, that, what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation.

This constituted extortion - even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note, that, at the time S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC) was decided, in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (the Code), which, in my view, is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence, according to FELTOE's Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition…, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, eg knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure….,.

In the facts before us, the deceased, who is a relative of the second appellant, died, and, at the time of her death, she was with the appellant's side of the family. She was, nonetheless, married to the complainant's side of the family during her lifetime. Upon her death, the appellant's side of the family took her body and ferried it to the complainant's side of the family and left it there.

Aynos Chigombe was the first to testify and he said, that, he had been phoned whilst he was in Masvingo and he was told that “a corpse had been left at our homestead.”…,.

He then instructed the people to inform the police so that the corpse would be taken to a mortuary (obviously the police were involved because the situation obtaining was abnormal). He also told the court that they later went to their in-laws, accompanied by three police officers; they talked and agreed. They asked what should happen, and they (inlaws) said they needed five beasts and $500 in order to bury the deceased…,.

He said they asked to go back to their elders to consult them on whether what the in-laws needed could be found; (this shows that they were not even ready with the form of compensation that was needed).

They then gathered the beasts from different relatives who chipped in with different things ie in the form of beasts and money. He said that the contributions were to pave way for the burial….,.

They did not make a report to the police, but, were later informed that the deceased's relatives had been arrested as the agreement the parties had reached, that burial would not take place before the beasts arrived, was an offence.

He said that the deceased's body had been left by a kombi and another black car, but he did not know who exactly left the corpse.

He then said that: “we did not volunteer to pay because we had nothing; we all wanted to please our inlaws with the things we did not have.”…,.

The second appellant, in his cross-examination of this witness, asked if whether the witness came with the police, they were pressurised or ill-treated, to which the witness replied in the negative.

The cross examination of this witness, by the second appellant, shows that he was part and parcel of the crew that discussed the issue of payment prior to the deceased being buried as he asked such questions as:

“Q: Does that not show that we were understanding each other?

Q: Did you not request us to bring our daughter?”

The second State witness, Mukungunugwa Esau, told the court, that, Accused Two, who is the appellant, was the spokesperson for the group and that they had said they wanted to see payment first before burial….,.

The prosecutor, in examination in chief, asked him the following question:

“Q: What were the consequences if you paid nothing?

A: The deceased was not going to be buried.”

This witness further told the court that:

“We did not voluntarily pay them. If that was the case, the deceased should have been buried on a Wednesday.”

Accused Two (who is the second appellant), in cross-examination of this witness, asked the following question:

“Q: Is it correct that we forced you to pay?

A: Yes. This is because you gave a condition that we have to pay before burial takes place.”

Samuel Munyuki told the court that Accused Two (who is the second appellant in this case) came with a commuter omnibus and another black car - they were carrying the deceased.

He further continued, that, the accused persons had a group of about fifteen with them and that four people carried the corpse and left it on the passage, covered with a metal sheet.

He also said that they then came to his homestead carrying an infant that was left behind by the deceased and that the three accused persons were part of this group.

Under cross-examination by the second accused person (who is the second appellant) the witness was adamant that he had seen the second appellant and, that, in fact, he knew him well and that he is a police officer who he came to know when he was staying at Ross Camp in Bulawayo. He also confirmed that they had met before at Madamombe Township. He confirmed that he saw the three dumping the corpse (including the second appellant).

Gracious Hwera was the next State witness and she told the court that she saw Accused One and Two ferrying the corpse from the kombi. She told the court that the small vehicle was being driven by Accused Two who is the second appellant.

Nothing much turned on the cross-examination of this witness by the second appellant.

Although Onias Machida, the next State witness, seemed to be hostile, he, nonetheless, confirmed that the beasts arrived before the corpse and also that the deceased's body had gone bad.

Joshua Chigova, another hostile witness, told the court that the burial occurred at 11pm.

From the aforestated contents of the court record, it is clear that the deceased's body was taken to the Chigombes and left there. It is also clear that payment was a condition for the burial to take place, causing the Chigombes to run around and put together, from different relatives, beasts and some money so as to please their in-laws.

It is also clear, that, the second appellant was part and parcel of this whole transaction and that he was present at all material times. It is also evident, that, he championed the negotiations that were held to the effect that payment should be made upfront prior to burial.

In our view, the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23], were satisfied by the facts of this case, as against the second appellant, beyond any reasonable doubt.

We say so because section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act gives two series of conduct that constitute extortion;

(i) Its either the accused deposits a corpse in premises occupied by another; OR

(ii) Hinders OR prevents the burial of the deceased person's body so as to induce payment.

The action of depositing the corpse to induce payment prior to burial is in itself extortion. Also, the action of hindering burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Also, the action of preventing burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Not only did the appellant partake in the deposit of the corpse, as per the State witnesses testimony, but, he also hindered or prevented burial prior to payment as he clearly was heading the delegation that did the payment negotiations prior to burial.

Aynos Chigombe and Esau Mukungunugwa told the court, clearly, that, they did not pay voluntarily and that they did not even have the beasts and cash demanded, but that they had to pay to pave way for the burial.

There is no volition here; whatever “agreement” was reached under such circumstances is no agreement at all.

The Chigombes had a corpse dumped at their homestead; they had to comply with the conditions that were set by the Mhosvas prior to the burial; what choice did they have? What freedom did they have?

None.

It is our finding, that, the second appellant, and others, by conduct, did cause the Chigombes to comply with their demands through pressure.

Pressure can be by conduct.

The conduct of dumping the corpse, in itself, would pressurize the Chigombes into action. The condition that payment had to be made prior to burial did exert pressure on the Chigombes.

It is accordingly our view, that, all the essential elements of the offence of extortion, as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (the Code) were met by the evidence on record - even as against the second appellant.

It is for these reasons that we did not accept the concessions made by the State counsel as we were of the view that they were not properly made.

The sentence given does not warrant any intervention by this court.

We accordingly dismiss the appeal in its entirety.

Criminal Appeal

MOYO J: The second appellant is the one who is properly before court in this matter. The rest of the appellants are out of court as the notice of appeal filed of record only relates to the second appellant.

The second appellant was charged and convicted of extortion as defined in section 134(1)(a) of Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23].

The allegations leading to the conviction of the second appellant stemmed from the fact that the body of the deceased Senzeni Mhosva (appellant's relative) had been deposited at Chigombe homestead. The body was deposited as a means to compel the Chigombes to pay damages prior to burial as a condition for her burial.

He was sentenced to $400/3 months imprisonment. In addition the accused persons were ordered to return the three beasts, goats and cash to the Chigombe family.

Dissatisfied with both conviction and sentence second appellant approached this court.

The sum total of the grounds raised in the notice of appeal were that the learned magistrate erred in convicting the second appellant as no evidence linked him to the commission of the offence.

On sentence second appellant averred that the sentence was excessive in the circumstances.

Professor G Feltoe in his Commentary on the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act, 2004, he states as follows with regard to the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the code:

“Where for the purpose of inducing or compelling the payment of any money or property as damages, or as marriage compensation in respect of a deceased person, X leaves or deposits the deceased person's body on any land or premises occupied by another person, or hinders or prevents the burial of the deceased person's body, he or she shall be guilty of extortion or, if he or she failed to induce or compel the payment of any money or property, attempted extortion.” (emphasis is mine).

It is clear from this phrase that the offence is not only committed upon leaving or depositing the body, but the offence is also committed where an accused prevents or hinders the burial of the deceased prior to certain conditions being met.

In the case of S v Ncube 1993 (1) ZLR 286 (SC), a member of the appellants family was killed during an altercation with a member of another family. The appellants took the body of the deceased to the home of the other family, threatening that if agreement for compensation for the death was not reached the body would be left there. The other family then paid compensation. The appellants were convicted of extortion. The appeal against conviction was dismissed.

The Supreme Court ruled that what the applicants had done was to unlawfully subject the complainant to pressure that induced them to submit to the taking from them of an advantage in the form of compensation. This constituted extortion even if the compensation was made under customary law.

It is important to note that at the time the Ncube case was decided in 1993, the legislature had not yet expressly provided for extortion in relation to matters regarding the dumping of bodies prior to burial in a bid to derive compensation from such conduct.

The legislature subsequently crafted section 134(2) of the Code which in my view is now specific as to the exact conduct that qualifies as extortion in such instances at law.

This offence according to Feltoes Guide to Criminal Law in Zimbabwe 2005 edition at page 82, has the following essential elements:

(1) X must intend his words, express or implied, to operate as threat or pressure;

(2) He must intend the pressure to induce the complainant to submit and to hand over the advantage; and

(3) He must know that he is using illegitimate or improper pressure, e.g knows money not due or knows demanding money under guise of authority to extract when he knows he has no such authority or obtains what he believes is due to him by use of illegitimate pressure. (emphasis is mine).

In the facts before us, the deceased who is a relative of the second appellant died and at the time of her death she was with the appellants side of the family. She was nonetheless married to the complainant's side of the family during her lifetime. Upon her death, the appellant's side of the family took her body and ferried it to the complainant's side of the family and left it there.

Aynos Chigombe was the first to testify and he said that he had been phoned whilst he was in Masvingo and he was told that “a corpse had been left at our homestead” (my emphasis).

He then instructed the people to inform the police so that the corpse would be taken to a mortuary (obviously the police were involved because the situation obtaining was abnormal). He also told the court that they later went to their in-laws accompanied by three police officers, they talked and agreed. They asked what should happen and they (in-laws) said they needed five beasts and $500-00 in order to bury the deceased. (my emphasis).

He said they asked to go back to their elders to consult them on whether what the in-laws needed could be found. (This shows that they were not even ready with the form of compensation that was needed).

They then gathered the beasts from different relatives who chipped in with different things i.e. in the form of beasts and money. He said that the contributions were to pave way for the burial (my emphasis).

They did not make a report to the police but were later informed that the deceased's relatives had been arrested as the agreement the parties had reached that burial would not take place before the beasts arrived was an offence.

He said that the deceased's body had been left by a kombi and another black car, but he did not know who exactly left the corpse.

He then said that “We did not volunteer to pay because we had nothing we all wanted to please our in-laws with the things we did not have.” (my emphasis)

The second appellant in his cross-examination of this witness asked if whether the witness came with the police, they were pressurised or ill-treated to which the witness replied in the negative.

The cross- examination of this witness by second applicant shows that he was part and parcel of the crew that discussed the issue of payment prior to the deceased being buried as he asked such questions as:

“Q: Does that not show that we were understanding each other?

Q: Did you not request us to bring our daughter?”

The second state witness, Mukungunugwa Esau, told the court that accused two who is the appellant, was the spokesperson for the group and that they had said they wanted to see payment first before burial. (my emphasis).

The prosecutor in examination in chief asked him the following question:

“Q: What were the consequences if you paid nothing?

A: The deceased was not going to be buried.”

This witness further told the court that:

“We did not voluntarily pay them. If that was the case the deceased should have been buried on a Wednesday.”

Accused two (who is the second appellant) in cross-examination of this witness asked the following question:

“Q: Is it correct that we forced you to pay?

A: Yes. This is because you gave a condition that we have to pay before burial takes place.”

Samuel Munyuki told the court that accused two (who is second appellant in this case) came with a commuter omnibus and another black car, they were carrying the deceased.

He further continued that the accused persons had a group of about fifteen with them and that four people carried the corpse and left it on the passage, covered with a metal sheet.

He also said that they then came to his homestead carrying an infant that was left behind by the deceased and that the three accused persons were part of this group.

Under cross-examination by second accused person (who is the second appellant) the witness was adamant that he had seen the second appellant and that in fact he knew him well and that he is a police officer who he came to know when he was staying at Ross Camp in Bulawayo. He also confirmed that they had met before at Madamombe Township. He confirmed that he saw the three dumping the corpse (including the second appellant).

Gracious Hwera was the next state witness and she told the court that she saw accused one and two ferrying the corpse from the kombi. She told the court that the small vehicle was being driven by accused two who is the second appellant.

Nothing much turned on the cross-examination of this witness by the second appellant.

Although Onias Machida, the next state witness seemed to be hostile he nonetheless confirmed that the beasts arrived before the corpse and also that the deceased's body had gone bad.

Joshua Chigova another hostile witness told the court that the burial occurred at 11pm.

From the aforestated contents of the court record, it is clear that deceased's body was taken to the Chigombes and left there. It is also clear that payment was a condition for the burial to take place, causing the Chigombes to run around and put together from different relatives beasts and some money so as to please their in-laws.

It is also clear that the second appellant was part and parcel of this whole transaction and that he was present at all material times. It is also evident that he championed the negotiations that were held to the effect that payment should be made upfront prior to burial.

In our view the essential elements of the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] were satisfied by the facts of this case as against second appellant beyond any reasonable doubt.

We say so because section 134(2) gives two series of conduct that constitute extortion;

(i) its either the accused deposits a corpse in premises occupied by another; OR

(ii) hinders OR prevents the burial of the deceased person's body so as to induce payment.

The action of depositing the corpse to induce payment prior to burial is in itself extortion. Also, the action of hindering burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Also, the action of preventing burial so as to induce payment is also extortion.

Not only did the appellant partake in the deposit of the corpse as per the state witnesses testimony but he also hindered or prevented burial prior to payment as he clearly was heading the delegation that did the payment negotiations prior to burial.

Aynos Chigombe and Esau Mukungunugwa told the court clearly that they did not pay voluntarily and that they did not even have the beasts and cash demanded, but that they had to pay to pave way for the burial.

There is no volition here; whatever “agreement” was reached under such circumstances is no agreement at all.

The Chigombes had a corpse dumped at their homestead, they had to comply with the conditions that were set by the Mhosvas prior to the burial, what choice did they have? What freedom did they have?

None.

It is our finding that second appellant and others by conduct did cause the Chigombes to comply with their demands through pressure.

Pressure can be by conduct.

The conduct of dumping the corpse in itself would pressurize Chigombes into action. The condition that payment had to be made prior to burial, did extent pressure on the Chigombes.

It is accordingly our view that all the essential elements of the offence of extortion as defined in section 134(2) of the Code were met by the evidence on record even as against second appellant.

It is for these reasons that we did not accept the concessions made by the state counsel as we were of the view that they were not properly made.

The sentence given does not warrant any intervention by this court.

We accordingly dismiss the appeal in its entirety.

KAMOCHA J, agrees………………………………………..





Mashayamombe and Company, 2nd appellant's legal practitioners

National Prosecuting Authority, respondent's legal practitioners

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