The accused persons in this case are charged with three separate counts of murder, assault, and arson. These three counts arise from events which took place in 2000 at Nehanda Resettlement Village, Madziwa.

All five accused pleaded not guilty to the charges against them when trial commenced in December 2006.

At the resumption of the trial, in July 2007, the court was advised that the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) had died on 4 of January 2007. This was later confirmed by an affidavit deposed to by his brother.

The trial duly proceeded on the same charges as against the remaining four accused who were now represented by different counsel....,.

State Evidence

At the beginning of its case, the State produced, by consent, the post-mortem report of Dr. Mutamba, dated 8 May 2000 [exhibit 1].

In essence, the report shows that the deceased, Peter Karidza, died as a result of a head injury from the assault perpetrated upon him on the fatal day.

At a later stage, the evidence of Vincent Kambanga, and that of Dr. Mutamba, as contained in the State Summary of Evidence, was also admitted by consent.

Vennas Chimangemange is the deceased's widow.

She testified, that, on the night of 23 April 2000, a group of people gathered outside her homestead chanting political songs. They then began to throw stones at the main house and eventually torched the main house as well as the surrounding structures. At the same time, they called out for the deceased.

When she and the deceased went outside they were attacked by some of the men in the group.

At that point, the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) tried to verbally restrain the assailants and took the witness away to the back of the house. Therefore, she could not say whether any of the other accused were present or involved in assaulting the deceased.

When she returned to the front of the house, after about 30 to 45 minutes, she found that the deceased had been severely beaten. The main four-roomed house and five other structures had been destroyed by stones and fire. All the domestic furniture, utensils, and equipment was also destroyed.

The deceased passed away at about 5:00am on the following morning.

Molline Chimangemange is the deceased's daughter.

Her testimony was similar to that of her mother as regards the general picture of what transpired on the night in question. However, her evidence was that she actually saw the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) and the second accused (Notice Kida) each strike the deceased once before the others in the group joined the attack.

She was able to see what happened and positively identify the assailants because of the burning huts.

She did not see the third accused (Obert Muchemwa) or the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) at the scene of the attack. However, she did see the fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) running around encouraging the assault, but did not witness him actually assaulting the deceased or causing any fires.

The witness was present throughout the duration of the attack.

The group consisted of about 100 men and about 40 of them took part in the assault.

The deceased eventually lay on the ground after being assaulted for about 30 minutes. The first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) then told the others to stop.

Savory Hodza was, at the relevant time, the Chizinga District Chairman of the ZANU-PF youth wing. All five accused were office-bearers in the political party in various branches which fell under Hodza's command.

He testified, that, on the night in question, he met and drank beer with the deceased at Muzivi Growth Point. He heard that the second accused (Notice Kida) had planned a meeting at which the deceased was to be summoned. He warned the deceased who then ran away.

On his way home, he passed by Nehanda Village and saw a group of about 50 people, including the second accused (Notice Kida), who had gathered for a “pungwe” about 300 metres from the deceased's homestead. Further along the road he encountered two more groups, of about 50 and 20 people respectively, who were also going to the 'pungwe'. The first group included the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) and the second group included the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu).

When Savory Hodza arrived home, about 2 to 3 kilometres away, he saw fires burning over Nehanda Village. Although he was fairly drunk, he walked towards the village. About 300 metres away from the deceased's homestead he observed that all the groups had dispersed.

The witness was arrested as a suspect on the following morning but was later released after recording his statement to the police.

According to Savory Hodza, the second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) wanted his position in the party and therefore resented him. They had arranged the gathering in question without his authority and knowledge.

Under cross-examination, he admitted that he had been convicted for public violence and sentenced to 30 months imprisonment in respect of another offence involving political violence in the same area.

Detective Sergeant Nemaisa is a member of the Zimbabwe Republic Police. He was based in Bindura in April 2000.

On 25 April 2000, he was tasked to record warned and cautioned statements from four suspects, namely, the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi), second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and Savory Hodza.

He met the three accused for the first time at that stage.

They corroborated Savory Hodza's statement that he was not present at the scene of the attack and that he knew nothing about it. Each of the three accused was then allowed to write his own statement in three separate rooms. At that time, each accused was unguarded and not handcuffed. Detective Sergeant Nemaisa then confirmed their statements in Shona and translated them into English. Thereafter, the statements were given to the accused to read before they were signed and witnessed.

In their statements, the three accused admitted the charge of having murdered the deceased.

After Detective Sergeant Nemaisa's evidence-in-chief, the warned and cautioned statements of the first (Yomence Chaitezvi), second (Notice Kida) and third accused (Obert Muchemwa) (exhibits 2, 3 and 4) were admitted by consent, subject to challenge under cross-examination.

When cross-examined, Detective Sergeant Nemaisa confirmed that the three accused had understood and signed their respective statements freely and voluntarily and without any duress whatsoever. Moreover, he did not see any visible signs of the accused having been assaulted, nor did they complain of having been assaulted by other police officers.

Inspector Absai Muchemedzi testified that he was involved in attending the scene of the attack on the morning after. He found the body of the deceased covered in bruises and observed that some of the structures at the homestead had been burnt or otherwise damaged. Certain suspects were arrested later that day but he could not recall any of them other than the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi).

The warned and cautioned statements of the fourth (Zvidzayi Marufu) and fifth (Jacob Kagogoda) accused were compiled and signed over nine (9) months later, in the presence of different police officers who were not called to testify.

These statements were therefore not adduced or admitted in evidence....,.

The third accused (Obert Muchemwa) was a senior official of ZANU-PF in the Chizinga District.

His testimony was that from 21 and 24 April 2000 he was attending his father-in-law's memorial service at Batsinarayi Village, about 12 kilometres away from Nehanda Village. He only returned to Nehanda Village on the morning of 24 April, together with his wife and child. He was not aware of Savory Hodza's plan to visit the deceased at his homestead. He was arrested by the police because he was the ZANU-PF political leader in Nehanda Village.

He and Notice Kida were taken to the scene of the attack where he was assaulted for arguing with the police.

The deceased's wife identified Savory Hodza and Yomence Chaitezvi as the perpetrators of the assault upon the deceased. They were both arrested but Hodza was given preferential treatment and was not detained.

Under cross-examination, he accepted that he was not assaulted at the police station and that his arrested colleagues did not complain to him of having been assaulted. Again, he was not assaulted at the time that he signed his warned and cautioned statement, but he denied having read his statement before signing it. As this was the first time that he had been arrested he did not appreciate the significance of signing the statement.

When questioned by the Court, he stated that he had attained 8 “O” Levels in 1990 and a Certificate in Tobacco Culture in 1996 or 1997....,.

The fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) was an official in the Chitepo Branch of ZANU-PF.

According to him, it was Savory Hodza who directed him to mobilise the members from Chitepo Village. When they arrived at Nehanda Village, he met Yomence Chaitezvi, Notice Kida and Savory Hodza, together with 120 to 150 party members, gathered on a hill approximately 300 to 400 metres away from the deceased's homestead.

He deduced that Savory Hodza was drunk and that his plan to confront the deceased as an MDC sympathiser would probably entail violence.

Zvidzayi Marufu then told the Chitepo members to return to their village and returned home himself soon thereafter. He was surprised the following morning when he heard about the attack on the deceased and his homestead. He was arrested about nine months later.

He signed his warned and cautioned statement after being threatened and slapped by the police....,.

The fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) was also an official in the Chitepo Branch of ZANU-PF.

He testified, that, at the time of the attack on the deceased, he was in bed suffering from malaria. He was under medication and unable to walk. He was arrested much later, in January 2001.

After his warned and cautioned statement was recorded he was assaulted by three police officers. He then signed the statement without having read it....,.

Warned and Cautioned Statements

Having regard to the testimony of Detective Sergeant Nemaisa, the Court is satisfied that the warned and cautioned statements of the second (Notice Kida) and third (Obert Muchemwa) accused were properly recorded and that they were duly sworn and signed by them.

Notwithstanding their protestations to the contrary, it is clear that the two accused had understood and signed their respective statements freely and voluntarily and without any duress.

They are accordingly admitted as reliable evidence.

On the other hand, the warned and cautioned statements of the fourth (Zvidzayi Marufu) and fifth (Jacob Kagogoda) accused were not adduced or admitted in evidence and must therefore be disregarded for present purposes.

The accused persons in this case are charged with three separate counts of murder, assault, and arson. These three counts arise from events which took place in 2000 at Nehanda Resettlement Village, Madziwa.

All five accused pleaded not guilty to the charges against them when trial commenced in December 2006.

At the resumption of the trial, in July 2007, the court was advised that the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) had died on 4 of January 2007. This was later confirmed by an affidavit deposed to by his brother.

The trial duly proceeded on the same charges as against the remaining four accused who were now represented by different counsel....,.

State Evidence

At the beginning of its case, the State produced, by consent, the post-mortem report of Dr. Mutamba, dated 8 May 2000 [exhibit 1].

In essence, the report shows that the deceased, Peter Karidza, died as a result of a head injury from the assault perpetrated upon him on the fatal day.

At a later stage, the evidence of Vincent Kambanga, and that of Dr. Mutamba, as contained in the State Summary of Evidence, was also admitted by consent.

Vennas Chimangemange is the deceased's widow.

She testified, that, on the night of 23 April 2000, a group of people gathered outside her homestead chanting political songs. They then began to throw stones at the main house and eventually torched the main house as well as the surrounding structures. At the same time, they called out for the deceased.

When she and the deceased went outside they were attacked by some of the men in the group.

At that point, the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) tried to verbally restrain the assailants and took the witness away to the back of the house. Therefore, she could not say whether any of the other accused were present or involved in assaulting the deceased.

When she returned to the front of the house, after about 30 to 45 minutes, she found that the deceased had been severely beaten. The main four-roomed house and five other structures had been destroyed by stones and fire. All the domestic furniture, utensils, and equipment was also destroyed.

The deceased passed away at about 5:00am on the following morning.

Molline Chimangemange is the deceased's daughter.

Her testimony was similar to that of her mother as regards the general picture of what transpired on the night in question. However, her evidence was that she actually saw the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) and the second accused (Notice Kida) each strike the deceased once before the others in the group joined the attack.

She was able to see what happened and positively identify the assailants because of the burning huts.

She did not see the third accused (Obert Muchemwa) or the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) at the scene of the attack. However, she did see the fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) running around encouraging the assault, but did not witness him actually assaulting the deceased or causing any fires.

The witness was present throughout the duration of the attack.

The group consisted of about 100 men and about 40 of them took part in the assault.

The deceased eventually lay on the ground after being assaulted for about 30 minutes. The first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) then told the others to stop.

Savory Hodza was, at the relevant time, the Chizinga District Chairman of the ZANU-PF youth wing. All five accused were office-bearers in the political party in various branches which fell under Hodza's command.

He testified, that, on the night in question, he met and drank beer with the deceased at Muzivi Growth Point. He heard that the second accused (Notice Kida) had planned a meeting at which the deceased was to be summoned. He warned the deceased who then ran away.

On his way home, he passed by Nehanda Village and saw a group of about 50 people, including the second accused (Notice Kida), who had gathered for a “pungwe” about 300 metres from the deceased's homestead. Further along the road he encountered two more groups, of about 50 and 20 people respectively, who were also going to the 'pungwe'. The first group included the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) and the second group included the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu).

When Savory Hodza arrived home, about 2 to 3 kilometres away, he saw fires burning over Nehanda Village. Although he was fairly drunk, he walked towards the village. About 300 metres away from the deceased's homestead he observed that all the groups had dispersed.

The witness was arrested as a suspect on the following morning but was later released after recording his statement to the police.

According to Savory Hodza, the second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) wanted his position in the party and therefore resented him. They had arranged the gathering in question without his authority and knowledge.

Under cross-examination, he admitted that he had been convicted for public violence and sentenced to 30 months imprisonment in respect of another offence involving political violence in the same area.

Detective Sergeant Nemaisa is a member of the Zimbabwe Republic Police. He was based in Bindura in April 2000.

On 25 April 2000, he was tasked to record warned and cautioned statements from four suspects, namely, the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi), second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and Savory Hodza.

He met the three accused for the first time at that stage.

They corroborated Savory Hodza's statement that he was not present at the scene of the attack and that he knew nothing about it. Each of the three accused was then allowed to write his own statement in three separate rooms. At that time, each accused was unguarded and not handcuffed. Detective Sergeant Nemaisa then confirmed their statements in Shona and translated them into English. Thereafter, the statements were given to the accused to read before they were signed and witnessed.

In their statements, the three accused admitted the charge of having murdered the deceased.

After Detective Sergeant Nemaisa's evidence-in-chief, the warned and cautioned statements of the first (Yomence Chaitezvi), second (Notice Kida) and third accused (Obert Muchemwa) (exhibits 2, 3 and 4) were admitted by consent, subject to challenge under cross-examination.

When cross-examined, Detective Sergeant Nemaisa confirmed that the three accused had understood and signed their respective statements freely and voluntarily and without any duress whatsoever. Moreover, he did not see any visible signs of the accused having been assaulted, nor did they complain of having been assaulted by other police officers.

Inspector Absai Muchemedzi testified that he was involved in attending the scene of the attack on the morning after. He found the body of the deceased covered in bruises and observed that some of the structures at the homestead had been burnt or otherwise damaged. Certain suspects were arrested later that day but he could not recall any of them other than the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi).

The warned and cautioned statements of the fourth (Zvidzayi Marufu) and fifth (Jacob Kagogoda) accused were compiled and signed over nine (9) months later, in the presence of different police officers who were not called to testify.

These statements were therefore not adduced or admitted in evidence.

Evidence for the Defence

The second accused (Notice Kida) used to reside in Nehanda Village and was a ZANU-PF cell chairman in April 2000.

His evidence was that it was Savory Hodza, in his capacity as the District Chairman, who had convened the ZANU-PF members from the surrounding villages to attend the gathering at the deceased's homestead. He disagreed with Savory Hodza's mission as he knew the deceased as a village elder and because there was a strong probability that violence would occur. Therefore, he and the other Nehanda Village members dispersed to go home, having been told to do so by Hodza.

On his way home, he observed flames emanating from the deceased's homestead. On the following morning, he and the third accused (Obert Muchemwa) were arrested by the police.

When cross examined, Notice Kida accepted that 2000 was a very politically charged year and that the ZANU-PF youth wing was an important element in strengthening the party's base. At that time, it was unheard of that anyone in the locality should belong to the opposition MDC party.

The third accused (Obert Muchemwa) was a senior official of ZANU-PF in the Chizinga District.

His testimony was that from 21 and 24 April 2000 he was attending his father-in-law's memorial service at Batsinarayi Village, about 12 kilometres away from Nehanda Village. He only returned to Nehanda Village on the morning of 24 April, together with his wife and child. He was not aware of Savory Hodza's plan to visit the deceased at his homestead. He was arrested by the police because he was the ZANU-PF political leader in Nehanda Village.

He and Notice Kida were taken to the scene of the attack where he was assaulted for arguing with the police.

The deceased's wife identified Savory Hodza and Yomence Chaitezvi as the perpetrators of the assault upon the deceased. They were both arrested but Hodza was given preferential treatment and was not detained.

Under cross-examination, he accepted that he was not assaulted at the police station and that his arrested colleagues did not complain to him of having been assaulted. Again, he was not assaulted at the time that he signed his warned and cautioned statement, but he denied having read his statement before signing it. As this was the first time that he had been arrested he did not appreciate the significance of signing the statement.

When questioned by the Court, he stated that he had attained 8 “O” Levels in 1990 and a Certificate in Tobacco Culture in 1996 or 1997.

Juliet Kaingidza resides at Batsinarayi Village and is Obert Muchemwa's sister-in-law.

She endeavoured to corroborate Obert Muchemwa's version of his having attended her father's memorial service at her village from 21 to 24 April 2000. However, she contradicted him in one material respect – by stating, with certainty, that he left the village on 24 April on his own and without his wife and child. Moreover, although she could recall exactly the date and time of Obert Muchemwa's departure, she could not remember the month or year when her father had died.

The fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) was an official in the Chitepo Branch of ZANU-PF.

According to him, it was Savory Hodza who directed him to mobilise the members from Chitepo Village. When they arrived at Nehanda Village, he met Yomence Chaitezvi, Notice Kida and Savory Hodza, together with 120 to 150 party members, gathered on a hill approximately 300 to 400 metres away from the deceased's homestead.

He deduced that Savory Hodza was drunk and that his plan to confront the deceased as an MDC sympathiser would probably entail violence.

Zvidzayi Marufu then told the Chitepo members to return to their village and returned home himself soon thereafter. He was surprised the following morning when he heard about the attack on the deceased and his homestead. He was arrested about nine months later.

He signed his warned and cautioned statement after being threatened and slapped by the police.

The fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) was also an official in the Chitepo Branch of ZANU-PF.

He testified, that, at the time of the attack on the deceased, he was in bed suffering from malaria. He was under medication and unable to walk. He was arrested much later, in January 2001.

After his warned and cautioned statement was recorded he was assaulted by three police officers. He then signed the statement without having read it....,.

Findings – Murder

In considering the charge of murder, it is necessary to assess the extent to which each accused was or was not present and involved in the events that took place on the night in question. Thereafter, it must be determined whether any or all of them are guilty of murder or some lesser offence.

The evidence against the second accused (Notice Kida) stems from various sources:

(i) Firstly, there is the evidence of Molline Chimangemange who was adamant that he used a stick to assault the deceased on the head. She indicated that visibility was good because of the burning huts and she positively identified the second accused as an assailant. Moreover, she knew him because he was from the same village.

(ii) Secondly, the second accused was also identified by Savory Hodza as having gathered with his group for a “pungwe” about 300 metres from the deceased's homestead.

(iii) Finally and crucially, there is the second accused's warned and cautioned statement in which he made several critical admissions: that he had circulated the letter that resulted in the gathering of ZANU-PF youth at the deceased's homestead; that, although it might not have been agreed to assault the deceased “to death”, it was agreed to assault him in order to “inflict pain”; and that he could not defend the deceased because he was standing outside the homestead.

The third accused (Obert Muchemwa) stated that he was attending his father-in-law's memorial service at the relevant time.

However, his alibi was not satisfactorily corroborated by his sister-in-law and is wholly rebutted by his warned and cautioned statement.

In that statement, he admits the following: that ZANU-PF youth were recruited from neighbouring villages to deal with the deceased's case; that he was invited by the second accused (Notice Kida) to accompany the group to the deceased's homestead where it was planned to assault him, and that the latter was in fact assaulted; and that, although he did not enter the homestead, he “could not go against that (assault) because it is a taboo in our party to go against any planned thing.”

The main evidence against the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) is that of Savory Hodza, to the effect that he encountered the fourth accused leading a group of about 20 people going to the “pungwe” near the deceased's homestead.

The fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) admits that he was present at the “pungwe” but denies having been involved thereafter and claims to have withdrawn from the planned assault.

The fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) was identified by Molline Chimangemange as running around the homestead encouraging the assault. The witness did not know him in person as he was from a different village.

In his defence, the fifth accused's testimony is that, at the time of the attack, he was in bed suffering from malaria and that he was under medication and unable to walk.

As is conceded by State counsel, his alibi was not meaningfully challenged or rebutted.

Elements of Murder and Conspiracy to Murder

On a charge of murder, it must first be established whether the accused's action was the factual cause of the end result, viz. if but for his action, the deceased would not have died when he did.

It must also be shown that there was legal cause, viz. whether it was objectively foreseeable or within the range of ordinary human experience that the accused's action would lead to the death of the deceased.

Where there has been a supervening event, this will not break the causal link between the accused's act and the end result if that subsequent event was foreseeable.

As regards mens rea, it must be shown that there was actual or legal intention to kill.

Legal or constructive intention to kill arises where the accused does not mean to bring about death but continues to engage in an activity after he foresees that there is a real risk or possibility that the activity will result in the death of a person and is reckless as to whether or not death ensues.

Under our law, it is trite that conspiracy is a competent verdict on a charge of having committed the completed crime. It is also trite that a conspirator is liable to the same punishment as the person who has actually committed the principal crime.

A conspiracy to commit a crime is usually defined as an agreement by two or more persons to do an unlawful act or to do a lawful act by using unlawful means.

In essence, there must be agreement as to the criminal object.

There does not have to be agreement on the exact ways and means of putting into effect the plan before conspiracy is committed. Provided that the criminals have agreed on their object, they are guilty of conspiracy even if they are still negotiating towards full agreement on the means to be used in the criminal enterprise: see FELTOE, A Guide to the Criminal Law of Zimbabwe (2006).

Moreover, each conspirator will be responsible for specific criminal conduct committed by any one of the conspirators which falls within their common purpose or design: see S v Chauke & Another 2000 (2) ZLR 494 (S)…, citing BURCHELL and HUNT, South African Criminal Law and Procedure Vol. 1 (3rd ed.)…,.

Again, even where a conspirator withdraws at any stage from the common enterprise, he may be entitled to an acquittal on the main charge but remains liable to be convicted of the offence of conspiring to commit the crime in question: see R v Chinyerere 1980 ZLR 3 (AD)…,.

Verdict

The general picture that emerges from all of the evidence before the Court is that the leaders of various ZANU-PF village groups within the district convened a night time gathering of their respective members, comprising circa 100 men, near the deceased's homestead. The purpose of the gathering, which purpose was agreed by the leaders and understood by their followers, was to confront the deceased at his homestead and assault him for his supposed affiliation with the MDC opposition party.

Given the nature, timing, and object of the gathering, as well as the number of men involved, the leaders present must have foreseen the possibility of the gathering turning so violent against the deceased as to culminate in his death.

The second accused (Notice Kida) was identified not only as having been present but also as having struck the deceased on his head with a stick that was approximately 2ft long.

According to the postmortem report, the cause of death was stated to be “head injury due to assault.”

Nevertheless, in light of the overall attack on the deceased perpetrated by about 40 men, it cannot be stated, with any certainty, that, it was the second accused's particular blow to the deceased's head that was the specific cause of his death.

In the event, it is difficult, on the evidence available, to sustain the charge of murder against the second accused (Notice Kida) on his own.

What the evidence does clearly show is the following:

The second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) were all present at or near the deceased's homestead on the night in question.

All three of them held positions of leadership and control over the groups that they had called together at the gathering.

As already stated, they were fully aware of the planned assault.

Additionally, they must have foreseen, and, by unavoidable inference, did foresee, the possibility of the attack on the deceased resulting in his death.

Subsequently, after their followers were unleashed on the deceased's homestead, they either actively participated or did nothing to defuse the situation and avert the attack on the deceased. Moreover, in the aftermath of the attack, they did nothing to report the matter to the police or any other responsible authority.

In short, all three accused conspired, in varying degrees, in the planned assault on the deceased and all three of them foresaw the real possibility of the attack resulting in his death but were reckless as to whether or not death ensued.

In the event, all three accused are acquitted on the charge of murder but are found guilty of the offence of conspiring to murder the deceased.

The accused persons in this case are charged with three separate counts of murder, assault, and arson. These three counts arise from events which took place in 2000 at Nehanda Resettlement Village, Madziwa.

All five accused pleaded not guilty to the charges against them when trial commenced in December 2006.

At the resumption of the trial, in July 2007, the court was advised that the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) had died on 4 of January 2007. This was later confirmed by an affidavit deposed to by his brother.

The trial duly proceeded on the same charges as against the remaining four accused who were now represented by different counsel....,.

State Evidence

At the beginning of its case, the State produced, by consent, the post-mortem report of Dr. Mutamba, dated 8 May 2000 [exhibit 1].

In essence, the report shows that the deceased, Peter Karidza, died as a result of a head injury from the assault perpetrated upon him on the fatal day.

At a later stage, the evidence of Vincent Kambanga, and that of Dr. Mutamba, as contained in the State Summary of Evidence, was also admitted by consent.

Vennas Chimangemange is the deceased's widow.

She testified, that, on the night of 23 April 2000, a group of people gathered outside her homestead chanting political songs. They then began to throw stones at the main house and eventually torched the main house as well as the surrounding structures. At the same time, they called out for the deceased.

When she and the deceased went outside they were attacked by some of the men in the group.

At that point, the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) tried to verbally restrain the assailants and took the witness away to the back of the house. Therefore, she could not say whether any of the other accused were present or involved in assaulting the deceased.

When she returned to the front of the house, after about 30 to 45 minutes, she found that the deceased had been severely beaten. The main four-roomed house and five other structures had been destroyed by stones and fire. All the domestic furniture, utensils, and equipment was also destroyed.

The deceased passed away at about 5:00am on the following morning.

Molline Chimangemange is the deceased's daughter.

Her testimony was similar to that of her mother as regards the general picture of what transpired on the night in question. However, her evidence was that she actually saw the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) and the second accused (Notice Kida) each strike the deceased once before the others in the group joined the attack.

She was able to see what happened and positively identify the assailants because of the burning huts.

She did not see the third accused (Obert Muchemwa) or the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) at the scene of the attack. However, she did see the fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) running around encouraging the assault, but did not witness him actually assaulting the deceased or causing any fires.

The witness was present throughout the duration of the attack.

The group consisted of about 100 men and about 40 of them took part in the assault.

The deceased eventually lay on the ground after being assaulted for about 30 minutes. The first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) then told the others to stop.

Savory Hodza was, at the relevant time, the Chizinga District Chairman of the ZANU-PF youth wing. All five accused were office-bearers in the political party in various branches which fell under Hodza's command.

He testified, that, on the night in question, he met and drank beer with the deceased at Muzivi Growth Point. He heard that the second accused (Notice Kida) had planned a meeting at which the deceased was to be summoned. He warned the deceased who then ran away.

On his way home, he passed by Nehanda Village and saw a group of about 50 people, including the second accused (Notice Kida), who had gathered for a “pungwe” about 300 metres from the deceased's homestead. Further along the road he encountered two more groups, of about 50 and 20 people respectively, who were also going to the 'pungwe'. The first group included the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi) and the second group included the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu).

When Savory Hodza arrived home, about 2 to 3 kilometres away, he saw fires burning over Nehanda Village. Although he was fairly drunk, he walked towards the village. About 300 metres away from the deceased's homestead he observed that all the groups had dispersed.

The witness was arrested as a suspect on the following morning but was later released after recording his statement to the police.

According to Savory Hodza, the second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) wanted his position in the party and therefore resented him. They had arranged the gathering in question without his authority and knowledge.

Under cross-examination, he admitted that he had been convicted for public violence and sentenced to 30 months imprisonment in respect of another offence involving political violence in the same area.

Detective Sergeant Nemaisa is a member of the Zimbabwe Republic Police. He was based in Bindura in April 2000.

On 25 April 2000, he was tasked to record warned and cautioned statements from four suspects, namely, the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi), second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and Savory Hodza.

He met the three accused for the first time at that stage.

They corroborated Savory Hodza's statement that he was not present at the scene of the attack and that he knew nothing about it. Each of the three accused was then allowed to write his own statement in three separate rooms. At that time, each accused was unguarded and not handcuffed. Detective Sergeant Nemaisa then confirmed their statements in Shona and translated them into English. Thereafter, the statements were given to the accused to read before they were signed and witnessed.

In their statements, the three accused admitted the charge of having murdered the deceased.

After Detective Sergeant Nemaisa's evidence-in-chief, the warned and cautioned statements of the first (Yomence Chaitezvi), second (Notice Kida) and third accused (Obert Muchemwa) (exhibits 2, 3 and 4) were admitted by consent, subject to challenge under cross-examination.

When cross-examined, Detective Sergeant Nemaisa confirmed that the three accused had understood and signed their respective statements freely and voluntarily and without any duress whatsoever. Moreover, he did not see any visible signs of the accused having been assaulted, nor did they complain of having been assaulted by other police officers.

Inspector Absai Muchemedzi testified that he was involved in attending the scene of the attack on the morning after. He found the body of the deceased covered in bruises and observed that some of the structures at the homestead had been burnt or otherwise damaged. Certain suspects were arrested later that day but he could not recall any of them other than the first accused (Yomence Chaitezvi).

The warned and cautioned statements of the fourth (Zvidzayi Marufu) and fifth (Jacob Kagogoda) accused were compiled and signed over nine (9) months later, in the presence of different police officers who were not called to testify.

These statements were therefore not adduced or admitted in evidence.

Evidence for the Defence

The second accused (Notice Kida) used to reside in Nehanda Village and was a ZANU-PF cell chairman in April 2000.

His evidence was that it was Savory Hodza, in his capacity as the District Chairman, who had convened the ZANU-PF members from the surrounding villages to attend the gathering at the deceased's homestead. He disagreed with Savory Hodza's mission as he knew the deceased as a village elder and because there was a strong probability that violence would occur. Therefore, he and the other Nehanda Village members dispersed to go home, having been told to do so by Hodza.

On his way home, he observed flames emanating from the deceased's homestead. On the following morning, he and the third accused (Obert Muchemwa) were arrested by the police.

When cross examined, Notice Kida accepted that 2000 was a very politically charged year and that the ZANU-PF youth wing was an important element in strengthening the party's base. At that time, it was unheard of that anyone in the locality should belong to the opposition MDC party.

The third accused (Obert Muchemwa) was a senior official of ZANU-PF in the Chizinga District.

His testimony was that from 21 and 24 April 2000 he was attending his father-in-law's memorial service at Batsinarayi Village, about 12 kilometres away from Nehanda Village. He only returned to Nehanda Village on the morning of 24 April, together with his wife and child. He was not aware of Savory Hodza's plan to visit the deceased at his homestead. He was arrested by the police because he was the ZANU-PF political leader in Nehanda Village.

He and Notice Kida were taken to the scene of the attack where he was assaulted for arguing with the police.

The deceased's wife identified Savory Hodza and Yomence Chaitezvi as the perpetrators of the assault upon the deceased. They were both arrested but Hodza was given preferential treatment and was not detained.

Under cross-examination, he accepted that he was not assaulted at the police station and that his arrested colleagues did not complain to him of having been assaulted. Again, he was not assaulted at the time that he signed his warned and cautioned statement, but he denied having read his statement before signing it. As this was the first time that he had been arrested he did not appreciate the significance of signing the statement.

When questioned by the Court, he stated that he had attained 8 “O” Levels in 1990 and a Certificate in Tobacco Culture in 1996 or 1997.

Juliet Kaingidza resides at Batsinarayi Village and is Obert Muchemwa's sister-in-law.

She endeavoured to corroborate Obert Muchemwa's version of his having attended her father's memorial service at her village from 21 to 24 April 2000. However, she contradicted him in one material respect – by stating, with certainty, that he left the village on 24 April on his own and without his wife and child. Moreover, although she could recall exactly the date and time of Obert Muchemwa's departure, she could not remember the month or year when her father had died.

The fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) was an official in the Chitepo Branch of ZANU-PF.

According to him, it was Savory Hodza who directed him to mobilise the members from Chitepo Village. When they arrived at Nehanda Village, he met Yomence Chaitezvi, Notice Kida and Savory Hodza, together with 120 to 150 party members, gathered on a hill approximately 300 to 400 metres away from the deceased's homestead.

He deduced that Savory Hodza was drunk and that his plan to confront the deceased as an MDC sympathiser would probably entail violence.

Zvidzayi Marufu then told the Chitepo members to return to their village and returned home himself soon thereafter. He was surprised the following morning when he heard about the attack on the deceased and his homestead. He was arrested about nine months later.

He signed his warned and cautioned statement after being threatened and slapped by the police.

The fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) was also an official in the Chitepo Branch of ZANU-PF.

He testified, that, at the time of the attack on the deceased, he was in bed suffering from malaria. He was under medication and unable to walk. He was arrested much later, in January 2001.

After his warned and cautioned statement was recorded he was assaulted by three police officers. He then signed the statement without having read it....,.

Findings – Murder

In considering the charge of murder, it is necessary to assess the extent to which each accused was or was not present and involved in the events that took place on the night in question. Thereafter, it must be determined whether any or all of them are guilty of murder or some lesser offence.

The evidence against the second accused (Notice Kida) stems from various sources:

(i) Firstly, there is the evidence of Molline Chimangemange who was adamant that he used a stick to assault the deceased on the head. She indicated that visibility was good because of the burning huts and she positively identified the second accused as an assailant. Moreover, she knew him because he was from the same village.

(ii) Secondly, the second accused was also identified by Savory Hodza as having gathered with his group for a “pungwe” about 300 metres from the deceased's homestead.

(iii) Finally and crucially, there is the second accused's warned and cautioned statement in which he made several critical admissions: that he had circulated the letter that resulted in the gathering of ZANU-PF youth at the deceased's homestead; that, although it might not have been agreed to assault the deceased “to death”, it was agreed to assault him in order to “inflict pain”; and that he could not defend the deceased because he was standing outside the homestead.

The third accused (Obert Muchemwa) stated that he was attending his father-in-law's memorial service at the relevant time.

However, his alibi was not satisfactorily corroborated by his sister-in-law and is wholly rebutted by his warned and cautioned statement.

In that statement, he admits the following: that ZANU-PF youth were recruited from neighbouring villages to deal with the deceased's case; that he was invited by the second accused (Notice Kida) to accompany the group to the deceased's homestead where it was planned to assault him, and that the latter was in fact assaulted; and that, although he did not enter the homestead, he “could not go against that (assault) because it is a taboo in our party to go against any planned thing.”

The main evidence against the fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) is that of Savory Hodza, to the effect that he encountered the fourth accused leading a group of about 20 people going to the “pungwe” near the deceased's homestead.

The fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) admits that he was present at the “pungwe” but denies having been involved thereafter and claims to have withdrawn from the planned assault.

The fifth accused (Jacob Kagogoda) was identified by Molline Chimangemange as running around the homestead encouraging the assault. The witness did not know him in person as he was from a different village.

In his defence, the fifth accused's testimony is that, at the time of the attack, he was in bed suffering from malaria and that he was under medication and unable to walk.

As is conceded by State counsel, his alibi was not meaningfully challenged or rebutted.

Elements of Murder and Conspiracy to Murder

On a charge of murder, it must first be established whether the accused's action was the factual cause of the end result, viz. if but for his action, the deceased would not have died when he did.

It must also be shown that there was legal cause, viz. whether it was objectively foreseeable or within the range of ordinary human experience that the accused's action would lead to the death of the deceased.

Where there has been a supervening event, this will not break the causal link between the accused's act and the end result if that subsequent event was foreseeable.

As regards mens rea, it must be shown that there was actual or legal intention to kill.

Legal or constructive intention to kill arises where the accused does not mean to bring about death but continues to engage in an activity after he foresees that there is a real risk or possibility that the activity will result in the death of a person and is reckless as to whether or not death ensues.

Under our law, it is trite that conspiracy is a competent verdict on a charge of having committed the completed crime. It is also trite that a conspirator is liable to the same punishment as the person who has actually committed the principal crime.

A conspiracy to commit a crime is usually defined as an agreement by two or more persons to do an unlawful act or to do a lawful act by using unlawful means.

In essence, there must be agreement as to the criminal object.

There does not have to be agreement on the exact ways and means of putting into effect the plan before conspiracy is committed. Provided that the criminals have agreed on their object, they are guilty of conspiracy even if they are still negotiating towards full agreement on the means to be used in the criminal enterprise: see FELTOE, A Guide to the Criminal Law of Zimbabwe (2006).

Moreover, each conspirator will be responsible for specific criminal conduct committed by any one of the conspirators which falls within their common purpose or design: see S v Chauke & Another 2000 (2) ZLR 494 (S)…, citing BURCHELL and HUNT, South African Criminal Law and Procedure Vol. 1 (3rd ed.)…,.

Again, even where a conspirator withdraws at any stage from the common enterprise, he may be entitled to an acquittal on the main charge but remains liable to be convicted of the offence of conspiring to commit the crime in question: see R v Chinyerere 1980 ZLR 3 (AD)…,.

Verdict

The general picture that emerges from all of the evidence before the Court is that the leaders of various ZANU-PF village groups within the district convened a night time gathering of their respective members, comprising circa 100 men, near the deceased's homestead. The purpose of the gathering, which purpose was agreed by the leaders and understood by their followers, was to confront the deceased at his homestead and assault him for his supposed affiliation with the MDC opposition party.

Given the nature, timing, and object of the gathering, as well as the number of men involved, the leaders present must have foreseen the possibility of the gathering turning so violent against the deceased as to culminate in his death.

The second accused (Notice Kida) was identified not only as having been present but also as having struck the deceased on his head with a stick that was approximately 2ft long.

According to the postmortem report, the cause of death was stated to be “head injury due to assault.”

Nevertheless, in light of the overall attack on the deceased perpetrated by about 40 men, it cannot be stated, with any certainty, that, it was the second accused's particular blow to the deceased's head that was the specific cause of his death.

In the event, it is difficult, on the evidence available, to sustain the charge of murder against the second accused (Notice Kida) on his own.

What the evidence does clearly show is the following:

The second accused (Notice Kida), third accused (Obert Muchemwa) and fourth accused (Zvidzayi Marufu) were all present at or near the deceased's homestead on the night in question.

All three of them held positions of leadership and control over the groups that they had called together at the gathering.

As already stated, they were fully aware of the planned assault.

Additionally, they must have foreseen, and, by unavoidable inference, did foresee, the possibility of the attack on the deceased resulting in his death.

Subsequently, after their followers were unleashed on the deceased's homestead, they either actively participated or did nothing to defuse the situation and avert the attack on the deceased. Moreover, in the aftermath of the attack, they did nothing to report the matter to the police or any other responsible authority.

In short, all three accused conspired, in varying degrees, in the planned assault on the deceased and all three of them foresaw the real possibility of the attack resulting in his death but were reckless as to whether or not death ensued.

In the event, all three accused are acquitted on the charge of murder but are found guilty of the offence of conspiring to murder the deceased.

All three accused..., are found guilty of the offence of conspiring to murder the deceased....,.

The finalisation of this matter has been hampered by several factors. In particular, at the conclusion of the trial, counsel for the State moved on to the Regional Bench without having properly handed over the further conduct of the case. Thereafter, the matter was significantly delayed for his replacement to be identified and duly equipped to file closing submissions on behalf of the State. These were eventually filed in November 2009....,.

All three accused are first offenders and breadwinners for their respective families. Their lengthy incarceration would certainly impact very badly on them and their families and may not serve to rehabilitate them. Moreover, after having undergone three (3) months of pre-trial incarceration, they attended court regularly for the purpose of their trial and did not interfere with State witnesses.

Ordinarily, the crime of murder with legal or constructive intent attracts a relatively lengthy term of imprisonment.

As I have already indicated, the offence of conspiracy to murder is susceptible to the same penalty as applies to the principal offence.

In the instant case, however, the ordinary rules must be weighed against the inordinate and substantial delay in finalising this case.

The Court notes that the offence was committed in April 2000, almost 10 years ago, and that trial commenced in 2006 but was only concluded a few days ago because of the reasons outlined at the beginning of this judgment. The intervening delays were not occasioned by the accused but were entirely attributable to the State.

As was submitted by defence counsel, and conceded by State counsel, the accused have, over the past 10 years, undergone significant anguish. They have obviously agonised over their uncertain fate and the attendant psychological trauma constitutes a form of punishment in itself.